Novartis Pharmaceutical Gender Discrimination Class Action Lawsuit

Amy Velez, et al. , v. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. is one of the largest gender discrimination lawsuits ever to go to trial. The class action lawsuit claimed Novartis Pharmaceuticals (NPC) practiced sex discrimination against female employees under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Wilson 2010). The plaintiffs are nineteen women presently or formerly employed by NPC in sales related positions. They claimed the NPC discriminated against them in various ways, including compensation, promotion and promotional opportunities, personnel evaluations and by adverse treatment of women who take maternity leave.They seek injunctive relief, back pay and front pay, and compensatory and punitive damages (US District Court Document). The class action lawsuit later grew to include 6,200 women employed by NPC. The time period of the discrimination was from 2002-2007 Amy Velez, who had twins in 2001 claimed she was repeatedly passed over for promotions by men who had inferior sales numbers . She also claims to have overheard a manager asking recruiters prospective employees were married or had children. Wilson 2010). Another woman claims she was told by a manager that he prefers not to hire younger women saying â€Å"First comes Love, then comes marriage, then comes flex time and a baby carriage. † (Wilson 2010). In addition, the plaintiffs claim that men in the same positions earned more money than women in the save positions. The final approval of the settlement was November 19, 2010. The settlement, which totaled $175 million, included $152. million in back wages, benefits, and adjusted wages, service payments to named plaintiffs who helped litigate the case, and attorneys' fees and costs, plus $22. 5 million in nonmonetary relief representing Novartis's commitments to revise its employment policies to eliminate sex discrimination (McGowan 2010).In response to the decision, according to NPC’s web page â€Å"As part of its commitment to fostering a di verse and inclusive workforce, NPC is implementing comprehensive programs designed to ensure that all members of its sales force are treated fairly. NPC still denies these claims but admits some of its employees may have not followed company policy. NPC will also substantially revising its human resources policies, revamping its personnel management systems, and strengthening its commitment to ensuring gender equality in the workplace These practices by NPC took place over a five year period between 2002-2007. The severity of the claims shows an escalating conflict. There were repeated offences. First here was awareness of differences; a couple female employees knew they were being passed over for promotions. This continued to annoyance; more female employees learned they were being continually passed over for promotions. Later to frustration; when the female employees learned that certain managers were not hiring younger women or women with children. Next there was anger; when sexi st comments were made by management. This conflict finally escalated to hostility and war (war being the lawsuit).NPC could have avoided this class action lawsuit by making sure all their branches were following proper anti-discrimination procedures. Inappropriate comments by management should have been taken seriously by upper management. All employees should have been required to go to diversity training. Upper management should have looked more closely at the male/female promotion ratio. If only NPC’s upper management would have been more in tune with their subordinates this costly lawsuit might have been avoided.

Globalization, Education, and Talent Essay

Suarez-Orozco and Qin-Hilliard view the phenomenon of globalization almost in the same manner. To them acceleration in movement of economic activities, trade, people, and ideas across countries is globalization. They also give their consent to the fact that the concept of globalization has grabbed the attention of today’s scholars and also caused great controversy among them regarding its pluses and minuses. However, according to them there are still many areas of this phenomenon that are unexplored. In this regard they provide the example of talent and the importance of education, an area that requires immediate concerns due to the fact that â€Å"accelerating transnational dynamics† of globalization are affecting education especially at pre- collegiate level . Present generation cannot go along the same style of education in which nations mechanically copy curricula from each other. The reason is simple. The different between today’s and past generations is that today the youth have the entire world as their playground in opposition to their grandparents who were confined in the ideologies of their towns and countries. It is essential to prepare our talent in a way that they steadfastly confront the forces of globalization that are already taxing our youth, families, and nations. Thus globalization is an accelerating complexity coming out of technology, media, changing climate of politics, migration, identities, and so on. Thus today is â€Å"a new stage of the history of education† in which the needs of people and nations have changed . There are a number of challenges that need to be covered. In this time of international competition and war of talent, the empowerment of talent is something that can be tackled by identifying the physical and cognitive changes of our present and coming generations. For this we need â€Å"digital skills†, an area new technologies can assist to come over. There is dire need to develop a network which carries with it increasingly complex skills so that participation in the globally digital network becomes a material reality. Context and action both must be focused in the global scenario to polish and boost up the talent for future. For digital skills there must be interaction between self-regulated skills and mutually regulated skills to achieve broader goals of globalization. This is important because the age has already witnessed a digital revolution that in only starting to become faster and more intense yet no one knows how rapidly changes would occur in the coming future. Then there is this â€Å"youth culture† in the waves of globalization that gives us a glimpse of what is happening to our youth in transnational communications between cultures, values, fashion, and so forth. Nike-clad, hyper-visible, or apathetically underground youth of today need extra attention so that their talent can be well utilized to confront global challenges. The author points out that examining this youth culture in details reveals the fact that in no branch of study, this culture has been duly studied for its real problems, issues and complexities. In reality, the â€Å"Issues of youth culture seep into studies of globalization by way of their attention to popular culture, media, and cultural change, but there is much less focus directly on youth per se†; moreover, there is, in particular, insufficient focus on how today’s youth think about globalization; henceforth, their perspective is not known. One reason for this neglect or gap is that generally youth are seen as part of cultures, nations, and traditions across the world and are taken with them. However, today this is not enough. Thus to grapple with the complexities present to our youth in globalization and make best use of their complex talent, it is important to seriously look at the picture through the lens of the youth so that challenges, opportunities, and complexities can be fairly streamlined into a positive current. Talent empowerment will come easy through understanding the issues of today’s youth and addressing them with rightly set measures such as education at par with the current demands .

11 Summer Programs in North Carolina for High Schoolers

These days, getting into college isn’t just about earning high marks or stellar SAT scores. On the contrary, an increasing number of colleges are asking applicants what they’re doing during their summer vacations — and while babysitting or waiting tables can demonstrate a level of maturity and responsibility, these activities aren’t always enough to impress. If you want to give your teen a competitive edge, consider encouraging them to enroll in one of North Carolina’s many summer programs for high schoolers. Pre-college programs are a great way to expose your teen to new academic subjects or help them develop their skills in a given field. Read on to learn about how summer programs can help your teen succeed, along with tips on how to select the best program for them given their unique skills and interests. Summer programs are an excellent way to spend a summer as they enable students to develop their academic interests alongside other teens with similar talents. Also known as pre-college programs, these courses cover a wide variety of topics, ranging from Chinese language and culture to chemistry. Your teen can choose to develop their existing skills in a field or to explore a new topic for the first time. Along with offering high schoolers the opportunity to excel academically, summer programs enable students to develop socially. When students aren’t in the classroom, they’ll be able to interact with peers from different backgrounds and experiences in a new, stimulating environment. Consequently, participating in a summer program can help your student develop their preferences around campus location, size and other key traits, while also providing them with a greater appreciation for other cultures and communities. Note:  All cost estimates are based on information available on the respective program websites. Costs will vary depending on whether students participate as residential or commuter students. With more than a billion native speakers, Chinese is an important language in business and other industries. Offered by North Carolina State College, this Chinese language immersion program offers teens a headstart on learning Chinese and interacting with others who share their interest. During the five-day program, students will be immersed in Chinese language and culture. Additionally, they’ll have the chance to explore traditional pastimes like Chinese calligraphy, brush painting, and paper-cutting. If your teen is passionate about a career in Television, North Carolina State College’s Communication Summer Camp just might be a fit. A week-long program, this course introduces students to the world of broadcasting. Covered topics include television production, presentational speaking, and writing for TV. As a bonus, courses are taught by Department of Communication faculty with real industry experience. Whether your high schooler is set on pursuing a career in landscape architecture or graphic design, the North Carolina State College’s Design Camp can help them achieve their goals. During this five-day course, students will take part in different studio rotations as well as activities outside of the classroom. They’ll also gain valuable tips to help them apply to design programs at top colleges. As the name indicates, the FLAMES program is designed to help future math and science majors achieve their goals in STEM. A one-week program out of North Carolina State College, this course encourages students to work in teams to solve challenges related to computer science and entrepreneurship. To apply, write a brief essay sharing a goal you want to achieve at camp and a second short essay discussing something you learned that fills you with excitement. Is your teen happiest out in the garden? A week-long program at North Carolina State College, the Horticultural Science Summer Institute exposes young people to different career paths within the horticulture industry. Working alongside university faculty, teens will learn about vegetable breeding, sustainable production, and more. To apply, write an essay explaining why you want to the attend the Horticultural Science Summer Institute. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. A one-week program at North Carolina State College, this course explores topics related to the agricultural industry. Along with performing lab experiments, teens will have the chance to learn about meat quality assurance while touring farms and meat processing facilities. The course is hands on and includes opportunities to develop leadership skills. For teens with more time on their hands, the four-week Research Apprenticeship Program at North Carolina A&T University is a great way to gain a competitive advantage. Working with CAES research scientists, students will explore topics such as animal sciences, biological engineering, and biotechnology. Learning opportunities occur both in the laboratory and the classroom, and students have the chance to work in teams. Teens with a passion for math and science could benefit from this four-week program out of the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. During the course, students can choose to focus on a range of STEM fields, including biology, health sciences, chemistry, and environmental sciences. To apply, write an essay explaining how a work experience or extracurricular activity influenced you and why. Want your teen to get a feel for college life prior to moving into the dorms? A three-day program   at the University of North Carolina, Project Uplift exposes teens to the academic, extracurricular, and social elements of college life. The program, which is open to high school juniors, aims to increase higher education access for students who are traditionally underrepresented on college campuses. Students in rural areas often have fewer opportunities to get a feel for college life. A four-day program offered by the University of North Carolina, NCR invites talented juniors from less populated regions to step into the world of higher education. Along with exploring academics and developing leadership skills, students will have the chance to tour dorms, dining halls, and rec facilities. As a bonus, participants will learn test-taking strategies to help them excel on the ACT and SAT. Does your teen have a talent for arguing? If so, they might benefit from the RKS Scholars program at Wake Forest University. This six-week course allows verbally advanced students to practice their arguments and rebuttals through drills and mini debates. The focus is on practicing what you learn so it stays with you during the months and years to come. Looking for more summer program opportunities for your teen? Check out our post on the best pre-college programs in South Carolina . Families often make the mistake of thinking that the college admissions process doesn’t begin until senior year. On the contrary, the most competitive schools are interested in what applicants do throughout their entire high school careers. At , we’ve created our Mentorship Program to advise students on everything from enrolling in summer programs to selecting extracurriculars. You can trust us to help your teen build a competitive portfolio that shows them off to their greatest advantage. Ready to help your student succeed? Call today or contact our Mentorship team online . You can also view a list of summer programs available through Duke University on our website.  

Barriers to Effective Communication in the Workplace Essay

Barriers to Effective Communication in the Workplace - Essay Example Communication in this context includes friendly and supportive staff, supportive and effective management, job satisfaction, and staff development including oppurtunities for new challenges (McCabe, 2005). In the healthcare facility of our concern, it was widely felt among the junior enlisted staff and the officers that they were not provided with sufficient advise as to what it takes to be competetive and acheive promotions in order to improve career advancement. The efforts of the senior management to assess officer demographics to determine the number and type of specialities was deemed insufficient. Wallis and Wolff (1988) had documented that the workload of the staff in public hospitals is not well differentiated and the various tasks such as rotation is not flexible. Private hospitals as well as speciality hospitals impart technical training to their staff helping them in their career enhancement. Also, the present generation of healthcare workers report opportunities for skill building and learning as key motivators in deciding to stay or leave an organization, reflecting their perceived commitment to continuing development and learning. Investment in mentoring programs and training and development programs can be an efective response to these needs (Curran, 2003). Much of the issues related to healthcare communication are related to the nature of micromanagement exercised in these institutions. For the success of any institution, the staff must be treated as unique individuals who can make unique contributions (McCabe, 2005). A decentralized decision making and shared governance system can make a huge difference in the way staff incorporate themselves into the organization. Autonomy to make decisions is necessary for job satisfaction (Upneiks, 2003). The senior management must make it their priority to provide a "climate free of miromanagement with equal and fair treatment for all" - implying an absence of favoritism as well as linguistic discrimination.

Response to Progressive Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response to Progressive Reforms - Essay Example The writer of rough draft 2 is of the opinion that progressive reformers did restrain the power of American capitalism. According to the writer, the progressive reformers were successful in their quest by demanding better-working conditions, regulating the economy, and fighting for women rights. The writer’s draft captures the socio-economic part of the reform movement but does not expound on the political aspects that the reformers sought to improve. As such, this draft would be improved by noting that progressive reformers had an impact on American politics by changing the policies and principles that the nation was founded on.   Progressive reformers had an impact on domestic policies as they advocated for the protection of the poor and workers from capitalists tendencies through anti-trust laws. Also, progressive reformers called for redistribution of resources and government regulation of commerce and production. Mooney also notes that progressives advocated for governm ent regulation in the employment of women (60).   The government instituted reforms that enabled poor Americans benefit from the available resources and also regulated aspects regarding commerce and production.   As such, the basis of today’s liberalism that permeates in American politics has its roots from progressivism, showing that indeed progressive reformers affected the political sphere as much as the socio-economic aspects.   The quote to apply and best answer the question as the writer intended would be that the reforms.

Automobile Workers vs Johnson Controls Inc Case Study

Automobile Workers vs Johnson Controls Inc - Case Study Example Eight employees of a battery manufacturing company who were pregnant exhibited increased lead quantities in their blood – more than what OSHA approves to be a considerable amount (Rehnquist, Kennedy, & Scalia, 1991). The company later barred all women from working in lead related departments except those who could not have children, though after passing clinical tests to ascertain their conditions. This prompted a group of employees to file a case in the District Court. They argued that the policy discriminated against the female gender and violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Rehnquist et al., 1991). The District Court and the Court of Appeal granted the respondents a summary judgment on grounds that their fetal protection policy is reasonably necessary to further the industrial safety concern. The petitioners claimed that excluding fertile women from lead-exposed jobs, the respondent's policy creates a facial grouping based on gender besides marginalizing them under 703(a) of Title VII (Rehnquist et al., 1991). They claimed the policy is not neutral because it does not apply to males despite evidence that lead exposure poses great harm to their reproductive system. They cited that provided that the fertile women performed their duties as expected, the company has no right to segregate them. However, the respondents argue that they are concerned about the other coming generation’s status regardless of the law exclusively being for the parents (Rehnquist et al., 1991). Ethical Issues Is the company in line with professional work ethics and fair gender opportunities law by passing the policy discriminating fertile and infertile women from working in the lead related departments? No, the company does not satisfy its expected moral and ethical standards as required in the society by passing a policy that stigmatizes the female gender. Additionally, it also violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that protects all genders fro m discrimination. By so doing, the company would be creating a facial categorization that utilizes gender to segregate women (Rehnquist et al., 1991). The policy is not neutral and fair to both genders and how lead affects them either. According to the company, lead affects only the female gender despite concrete evidence that it poses adverse effects on the male reproductive organs. The law also cites that unless the pregnant employees differ from others in their expertise, they must all get both equal treatment and opportunities (Rehnquist et al., 1991). In addition, legislative history and case law bar an employer from discriminating against pregnant women or their pregnancy capacity unless their condition prevents them from performing the expected duties. The employees’ fetuses are neither customers nor employees whose safety is a concern of the company’s management (Rehnquist et al., 1991). In this context, the respondents should get rid of their policy as the fem ale fertile employees participate in manufacturing lead batteries similar to other peers. Alternatives Would getting rid of the policy of the company not tarnish the company’s image and still keep the fertile female employees’ comfortable working for the company? Yes, this move by the company would motivate fertile females in the company besides prompting them to work more comfortably and harder than before. This would also be a means of enhancing good publicity of the company in the society because the policy adheres to the female discriminatory law, which contradicts with business ethics (Rehnquist et al., 1991). However, by taking this move, the company would be putting the fetus, the fertile mothers and their future families at great risks. This is because lead exposure to fertile women

Why is the trafficking of naive lymphocytes important Outline the Essay

Why is the trafficking of naive lymphocytes important Outline the stages in the development of the specific immune respons - Essay Example Our bodies are both fragile and resilient at the same time; being so soft and easily broken, yet keeping us alive even during the worst of conditions, always adapting and always surviving. One of the important factors that keep us alive is our immune system and its ability to adapt to the environment and the pathogens it contains. According to Gene Mayer, PhD, there are two ways wherein the body can protect itself from infection: Innate or nonspecific immune system, and Adaptive or specific immune system. ‘The innate immune system is the first line of defense’ which provides immediate, but nonspecific responses to infection (e.g. skin, mucus, tears, sneezing, etc.). The adaptive immune system is slower and responds only to specific antigens with cells called lymphocytes. Once the adaptive immune system responds to a specific antigen, the body will remember it and will produce antibodies to combat the antigen more effectively every time it comes back.1 There are two main types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity--B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). These cells are produced in the bone marrow. One of the differences between the two is that the T cells have to migrate to the thymus gland to mature. Stein and Nombela-Arrieta (2005, pp.1-12) state that these lymphocytes that have just matured and have yet to encounter an antigen, are called naive lymphocytes. From the bone marrow and the thymus, the lymphocytes are then trafficked through the bloodstream to the secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), which are the peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissues called the Peyer's patches. In the SLO, once the naive cells encounter antigens and become activated, they will undergo changes and will eventually leave to combat the infection.2 Kuby wrote that when a pathogen enters the body, it enters the bloodstream and is transported to the lymph nodes and lymphatic organs where antigen presenting cells ( APCs) break it down into antigen compounds to be bound to Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. The naive helper T cells become activated once they encounter the antigen bound to the MHC molecules. It then becomes an effector cell (Th) that produces cytokines which activate B cells, T cells, macrophages and other cells included in the specific immune response. Once the Th cells are released into the bloodstream, when they find the antigen, they secrete their cytokines. T cytotoxic cells (Tc) become another effector cell called the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). This kind of effector cell does not produce cytokines but is designed to destroy infected cells. Once the B cells encounter the antigen, they proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells whose antibodies attach to the antigen, effectively neutralizing it. Other B cells turn into memory B cells that allow for a faster response to illness once the same pathogen enters the body again.3 Mayer and Nyland (2010) pointed out that ‘since there are relatively few T or B lymphocytes with a receptor for any particular antigen (1/10,000 – 1/100,000), the chances for a successful encounter between an antigen and the appropriate lymphocyte are slim.’4 The chances of encountering the right antigen with the right antibody are maximized with recirculation to the SLOs. The lymphocytes constantly circulate from the lymph organs to the blood via lymphatics if there is no antigen present. ‘It is estimated that 1-2% of lymphocytes recirculate every hour’ (Mayer & Nyland, 2010).5 If it does encounter an antigen, the cells differentiate into the effector cells (B, Th, or Tc) to combat the infection. After the infection, it can go back to the blood stream

Strategic Management and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Management and Governance - Essay Example According to research, the inclusion of sustainable considerations in the process of formulation usually forms the basis of sustainable competitive advantage for most of the firms. In this relation, it is apparent that it is essential to have a sustainability focus during the formulation of strategy. Subsequently, it is important to critically analyze how this process has helped firms to achieve complete sustainable competitive advantage. Besides, this paper will also evaluate the relevance of the sustainable considerations during the formulation of strategy when an economic recession period is being experienced. In strategy formulation, sustainable consideration refers to environmental, social and economic considerations use din strategy formulation. Therefore, there is a great importance that lies in the ability to consolidate various factors that play a certain role in the organization of effective processes and activities within any organization or firm. In the current environment, there are various environmental, social and economic terms that have been developed to refer to the concept of sustainable development. This is in relation to the organization. The most common ones are corporate social responsibility, sustainability and corporate citizenry. The aspect of sustainability is based on one of the simplest principles. It entails the need to put everything that is required for survival and wellbeing independent on the natural environment in either a direct or indirect way. In this sense, with sustainability, human beings and nature are able to create and sustain an environment that produces product harmony. In turn, this environment can permit the fulfillment of the economic and social requirements among other needs of the present and future generations. Sustainability is a crucial element in the process of corporate management where environmental, financial and social performance in the effort to achieve competitive

Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example Today, France generates about 70% of its electricity with an array of nuclear plants that come in only three sizes: small, medium, and large. In fact, their plants make so much electricity that France is the largest net exporter of electric power in the world. And modular, standardized construction practices are a large part of why the French nuclear effort has been such a success† (Kayde, 2011). Modular practices make it harder to produce dual-use materials or turn waste into weaponry. France's engineers created a moral result through engineering. Is smart nuclear power ethical? Some people think it isn't, no matter how smart. But it seems to really stretch believability that nuclear power is always by definition a bad thing. Is it really worse than coal? Is it so much worse that there is never a reason to use it over coal? Engineers working on smarter nuclear solutions is moral even when many activists are opposed to nuclear power as a matter of course. But there is another p oint to make. Morality must always be adjudicated based not just on consequences but on the innate character of the acts and the virtues of the person involved. One problem with consequentialist, utilitarian perspectives is that they tend to allow people to justify flawed solution A over B without ever trying to think of good solution C, something deontological ethics prevents by favoring the status quo.

Sales management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Sales management - Assignment Example Effective personal selling will help to enhance the value of We-Print in the mind of consumers.1 Personal selling techniques will facilitate the company to reach maximum numbers of customers in its target market segment within a short span of time. For acquiring the business market of UK the company should implement industrial selling. This personal selling technique of We-Print will involve in selling of large printing machineries to different companies and industries. With the help of well educated and trained sales person We-Print should implement this sales strategy. These sales persons will provide assistance and information to the companies in regards to We-Print’s printing machines. We-Print needs to create demand for its products in the market of UK. For this reason the company should implement missionary selling technique. In this technique sales person will visit different retail stores and dealers and will give detailed information about We-Print products. This will make them aware of the company’s products and will encourage them to attract customers. With the help of this technique the company will be able to place its products in different retail stores of UK. We-Print needs to implement trade selling technique by maintaining regular contacts with wholesalers and retailers. Strong personal contact with them will help the company to build good relationship. As a result the products of We-Print will reach to its customers easily. Implementing this technique effectively will facilitate the company to receive bulk orders from wholesalers. We-Print needs to place good sales person in different retail stores where the company will display its products. This retail selling technique will facilitate the company to directly deal with the customers. By making strong communication with customers, the sales persons will able to know the needs and requirements of its customers in more details and according to that the

Attractive Nuisance Essay Example for Free

Attractive Nuisance Essay Whether Sherman, under the attractive nuisance doctrine, will likely prevail against Carlisle for multiple injuries he sustained in a fall from wooden steps of a tree house in disrepair while trespassing upon Carlisle’s property when: (1) Carlisle was aware that the neighborhood surrounding his property was populated with children; (2) a severe storm had damaged Carlisle’s property and exposed the previously concealed tree house; (3) Sherman was six years of age at the time of his injury; (4) Carlisle had little incentive to make repairs to the tree house prior to the storm because of its concealment; (5) immediately following the storm, Carlisle made arrangements with a contractor at a higher than average rate to make repairs to his property; and (6) Sherman was enticed to enter Carlisle’s land by construction materials and yellow caution tape and was unaware of the tree house until entering upon the property. Statement of Facts Carlisle has contacted our office seeking advice regarding an action against him for injuries suffered by a neighborhood boy, Sherman, while Sherman was trespassing upon his property. You have asked me to determine whether Sherman can prevail by proving Carlisle liable for his injuries. In 2005, Carlisle purchased â€Å"Fieldstone,† a two-acre estate sixty-five miles southwest of downtown Miami. Carlisle anticipated that his New York based company would expand into southern Florida and that he would eventually settle at Fieldstone. However, due to increased demands from his New York business, Carlisle has rarely spent more than two or three days at a time at Fieldstone, with long stretches in between. The estate, at the time of the incident, had been poorly maintained for quite some time and the backyard was vastly overgrown. Its unkempt condition appealed to Carlisle, however, as he looked forward to clearing the grounds himself. He was likewise intrigued by an abandoned tree house on the property that appeared structurally sound although in need of some repairs to its floorboards and slatted steps. The tree house was completely concealed by decades of overgrown foliage. Furthermore, Carlisle, who valued his privacy, was pleased that the property was protected by a high wooden fence, which concealed the residence, the yard, and the tree house from neighbors and passersby. Because of the tree house’s concealment and the security of the fence, Carlisle decided that the tree house did not require immediate repairs. None of Carlisle’s neighbors were aware of the tree house on his property. In October 2009, Fieldstone was severely damaged by a storm that swept the Florida coast. The back fence was weakened after being jarred by an uprooted tree and high winds stripped away most of the foliage that had concealed the tree house. As a result, the tree house was now visible from within the property, although it was still hidden from outside view. Carlisle made immediate efforts to hire work crews to make repairs. However, due to widespread damage across the greater Miami area, demand for services was extensive and most local contractors were charging very high rates. After contacting several contracting services, Carlisle finally made arrangements with a Broward County contractor, although at a higher than average rate. Less than two weeks after the storm, a subcontractor delivered building materials to Fieldstone and stacked them in the backyard. The work crew would be available in two or three weeks to begin repairs. In the meantime, Carlisle took short-term measures by posting several â€Å"no trespassing† signs conspicuously about the exterior and interior of his property. He also ran yellow caution tape around the tree house and building materials. Carlisle then returned to his business in New York. The next day, Sherman and three other neighborhood boys, all five to six years of age, were playing in an alley behind Carlisle’s property when their ball accidentally crashed into Fieldstone’s weakened back fence, breaking the slats and creating an opening to the yard. The children could see into the yard and were immediately attracted by the yellow caution tape and building materials. Upon entering the yard, they discovered the tree house. The tree house was inaccessible but for a frayed piece of rope that had once been part of a ladder. The rope was beyond the reach of Sherman and the others, so they swung themselves over the lower branches of the tree to reach the lower landing of the tree house. They successfully managed to hoist themselves onto the lower landing from where they began to run along the labyrinth-like walkways and steps in a race to reach the top of the tree house. Sherman was running ahead of the others but tumbled when one of the worn slatted steps splintered and gave way. Sherman fell a long distance to the ground and sustained multiple injuries. Discussion The attractive nuisance doctrine is based on the fundamental fact that children do not possess the same judgment or ability to recognize risk as adults. Johnson v. Wood, 155 Fla. 753, 21 So. 2d (Fla. 1945). Its purpose is to afford the trespassing child, where the elements of the doctrine are met, the same protection, applying the principles of ordinary negligence that would be afforded an invitee on the premises. Martinello v. B P USA, Inc., 566 So. 2d 762 (Fla. 1990). The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to demonstrate that each element of the attractive nuisance doctrine is satisfied. Id. at 764. If the plaintiff proves each element of the doctrine, the defendant is then liable to the plaintiff for injuries caused by an artificial condition on the defendant’s property. Id. To establish attractive nuisance, a plaintiff must prove each of the following: (1) the place where the condition exists is one which the possessor knows or has reason to know that children are likely to trespass; (2) the condition is one in which the possessor knows or has reason to know and realizes or should realize will involve an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children; (3) the children, because of their youth, do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming within the area made dangerous by it; (4) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition and the burden of eliminating the danger are slight as compared with the risk to children involved; (5) the possessor fails to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger or otherwise to protect the children; and (6) the property owner entices the children upon the dangerous premises. Id. at 763. In this case, Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle knew or should have known that after the storm, neighborhood children were likely to trespass upon Fieldstone and that the tree house on the property was unsafe for children. Sherman can also prove that he was unaware of the risk involved in climbing the tree house because of his young age. It is unlikely, however, that Sherman can prove Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger was minor in comparison with the risk to children of climbing the tree house or that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate the danger. And it is highly unlikely Sherman can prove he was enticed by the tree house to enter Carlisle’s property. A. Children Likely to Trespass To establish the likelihood of trespass, a plaintiff must show that a land owner knows or should know that the premises are in a neighborhood where young children â€Å"of immature years† play and that they will be attracted to the premises. Carter v. Livesay Window Co., 73 So. 2d 412 (Fla. 1954). Sherman can argue that Carlisle’s awareness of children within his neighborhood is sufficient for a court to find this element met. Furthermore, although Carlisle’s property was not under construction per se, it was under repair; in Carter, the court held that â€Å"in a residential neighborhood†¦it is common knowledge that children are as prone to play around houses under construction as monkeys prone to climb trees.† Id. at 413. Moreover, courts have found that the mere existence of children in a neighborhood where a dangerous condition exists is sufficient to satisfy this element. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d 518 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984); Ed Ricke Sons, Inc.v. Green, 609 So. 2d 508 (Fla. 1992). B. Unreasonable Risk to Children A plaintiff can satisfy the risk element by showing that a possessor of land knows or should know that a condition involves an unreasonable risk of death to children. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d at 518. In In re Estate of Starling, the defendant was aware that children frequently trespassed upon his property to swim in an excavated pond. Id. The defendant in that case left an underwater pump running that caused the plaintiff to drown. Id. at 519. Because the pump was concealed within the pool and the plaintiff was unaware of its existence, the court held that the pump constituted a concealed danger equivalent to a â€Å"man-made trap.† Id. Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle was aware of the dilapidated condition of the tree house and that it was unsafe for children. Sherman can further argue that the worn and slatted steps of the tree house were as deadly to children as â€Å"an extremely dangerous intake hose of sufficient size and strength to catch and hold a swimmer [underwater, drowning him].† Id. C. Inability to Realize Risk Because of Age A central objective of the attractive nuisance doctrine is to protect children of â€Å"tender years† by considering their inability to appreciate danger. Johnson, 155 Fla. 753, 21 So. 2d at 756. â€Å"[T]here is no definite age beyond which the [attractive nuisance doctrine] does not apply†¦however, as the child’s age increases, the conditions become fewer in which there can be recovery.† Lister v. Campbell, 371 So. 2d 136 (Fla. 1st DCA 1979). In Lister, the court concluded that the plaintiff, aged fourteen years and eleven months, possessed sufficient ability to understand and appreciate the danger involved in diving into two feet of water. Id. at 137. Given Sherman’s young age, he can easily prove that he was unable to realize the danger of climbing the tree house. Moreover, Sherman can prove that the warning signs Carlisle placed about his property were of no effect because in Nunnally v. Miami Herald Publ’g Co., 266 So. 2d 78 (Fla. 3d DCA 1972), the court noted that written warnings were of virtually no consequence to a plaintiff two years older than Sherman. Id. D. Burden of Eliminating Dangerous Condition Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger of the tree house was slight as compared with its risk to trespassing children. Prior to the storm, Fieldstone was protected by a high perimeter fence that prevented trespass upon the property. In addition, because the tree house was concealed by foliage, no one within Carlisle’s neighborhood was aware of its existence. Given Carlisle’s busy schedule, it would have been inconvenient for him to make repairs that he regarded to be of low-priority. Therefore, Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger was far greater than the risk it presented to children based on a remote possibility of trespass. However, Carlisle’s burden shifted once the fence was damaged and the tree house was exposed by the storm. Carlisle then took immediate measures to eliminate the risk. By contrast, in Ed Ricke Sons, Inc., the Dade County Housing Authority was aware that over an eight-year period, a constantly renewed pool of scalding hot water flowing from a defective hot water in a public housing project was allowed to remain in an outdoors location easily accessible to children. Ed Ricke Sons, Inc. v. Green, 609 So. 2d at 508. This condition ultimately led to a child suffering burns over his entire body. Id. at 509. Analyzing this cost/benefit element, the court concluded that â€Å"[t]he cost of eliminating this nuisance would have been slight – certainly no more than the cost of installing a new hot water heater – compared with the enormous costs of caring for [the plaintiff child].† Id. E. Failure to Exercise Reasonable Care A land owner has a duty to take reasonable precautions to protect children from injury when a dangerous condition exists upon his property. In re Estate of Starling, 451 So. 2d at 521. Failure to exercise such care makes the land owner subject to liability for bodily harm to the trespassing child. Id. In this case, Carlisle arranged for services with a contractor at a higher than average rate to insure that repairs were made as soon as possible. Additionally, Carlisle made good faith efforts to warn potential trespassers by placing â€Å"keep out† signs conspicuously about his property. Given these facts, it is unlikely Sherman can prove that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care. F. Enticement Under the attractive nuisance doctrine, a child must be allured upon the premises of a land owner. Martinello, 566 So. 2d at 763; Concrete Constr., Inc., of Lake Worth v. Petterson, 216 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 1968). Should a child simply wander upon the property of another and suffer injury, absent an allegation that he was attracted by a condition existing within it, this element would not be met. Concrete Constr., Inc., of Lake Worth, 216 So. 2d at 222. Stated another way, if a child is injured by a condition other than the one that allured him to the premises and he is not allured to the condition causing his injury, this element cannot be satisfied. Nunnally, 266 So. 2d at 78. In Nunnally, a minor trespasser was chasing other children around a newspaper publishing building when he slipped and got his arm caught in a conveyor belt, resulting in injury. Id. The court rejected the boy’s claim under the attractive nuisance doctrine because â€Å"[at] the time of the injury, the min or plaintiff was not allured or attracted to†¦the conveyor belt.† Id. Moreover, it does not matter if a child is injured by a condition to which he is allured when that condition is different from the one that initially enticed him onto the property. Johnson v. Bathey, 376 So. 2d 848 (Fla. 1979). In Johnson, a child was allured to premises to collect surplus vegetables, but once upon the property, his attention shifted to an irrigation ditch wherein he was subsequently injured by a concealed pump. Id. The court rejected the boy’s claim because â€Å"[t]here is no doubt that [the child] was not allured onto the premises by the existence of the pump, because [he] didn’t even know about the pump until [he] had traveled some distance onto the property.† Id. In this case, Sherman was attracted onto Fieldstone by yellow caution tape and construction materials. The tree house, though exposed after the storm, was not visible from outside the property. Therefore, Sherman could not possibly have been attracted by something he could not see. Sherman was unaware of the tree house until entering upon the property; it follows naturally that he could not have been enticed by it. Since Sherman’s injuries resulted from running along the weathered steps of the tree house and not from running around the construction materials or caution tape, he will have great difficulty proving that this element is met. Sherman may argue that the tree house constitutes a concealed danger within Carlisle’s property. This argument, however, fails to satisfy the enticement element because concealed dangers must be contained within the condition of allurement. Mueller v. South Florida Water Management Dist., 620 So. 2d 789 (Fla. 4th DCA 1993). In Mueller, the plaintiff was injured when he ran into a concealed guardrail while riding his dirt bike on the landowner’s property. Id. In this case, the tree house caused Sherman’s injuries, but the tree house was not the condition that allured him to enter the premises nor was it a danger concealed within the caution tape and building materials, which were the conditions that initially allured him onto the property. Conclusion Sherman is unlikely to prevail against Carlisle under the attractive nuisance doctrine because he will be unable to prove each of the six elements. Sherman can easily prove that Carlisle was aware that neighborhood children were likely to trespass upon Fieldstone after the storm, that the exposed tree house was an unreasonable risk to children, and that he was unable to realize the risk of climbing the tree house because of his young age. However, Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle’s utility to maintain the tree house was slight, especially since Carlisle’s burden to eliminate the danger increased by way of a natural means – the storm – as opposed to his own neglect. Furthermore, Sherman will have difficulty proving that Carlisle failed to exercise reasonable care due to the fact that he took immediate action to eliminate the danger, even incurring the financial hardship of voluntarily agreeing to a higher than average rate with a contractor to ensure the danger was eliminated as soon as possible. Lastly, it is very unlikely Sherman will prove that he was enticed upon the premises by the tree house because he was unaware of its existence until entering upon the property. It is for these reasons that a court is likely to find Carlisle not liable for Sherman’s injuries under the attractive nuisance doctrine.

John Lewis Creates A Culture Business Essay

John Lewis Creates A Culture Business Essay Strategic human resource management is an informative process which is always developing and being studied and talked about by academics and commentators. As mentioned by Wright McMahan, SHRM refers to the pattern of planned human resource activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its goals.Human resource strategy is the result of a set of decisions a company makes about the humans with whom it does business. Human Resource Management is also a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Strategic Human Resource Management is focal point of activities which are related to employee of the organisation. In any organisation human resource management strategy is crucial to manage human resource in the right way. Strategy also gives the path for organisation to select right person in the right place. Management of the companys employees and their right approach in todays business can greatly effect on the companys overall performance. A strategic approach in Human Resource Management is essential especially in expanding companies. Starting from right staffing to maintaining performing employees, HR management is means in developing not only the employees, but the entire organization itself. Human Resources includes a broad range in management. A growing company depends on its existing success which can sustain and further develop its business starting with the right staffing. As demands for the product or services increase, additional manpower is needed to comply with them. The current manpower should be checked but not simply if they can comply with the demands, but it has to ensure that it can still keep its quality and standards. Mass production or bulk orders should not be an excuse in decreasing quality, hence, increased customer dissatisfaction and decreased sale .Strategic human resource management is human resource management carried out in a strategic way. The human resource activities are linked to the achievement of the organizations overall objectives. This is the new way of managing human resources as compared to personnel management. For a company that is already recognized in the industry and is eyeing on expansion, their status and reliability should be maintained. The leaders of the company can now focus on the products itself and expansion, and let the HR department handle the development of the organization. Keeping an eye on the companys long-term goals, mission and vision, the development of performance standards is essential to identify potential problems, non-performing employees and compliance to tasks and standards. Minor employee and performance problems should be seen immediately to avoid any future inconvenience and potential problems to the customers and thus become a liability to the company. HRM professionals can also identify the processes and the proper staffing for each of these activities, and in effect, the systems and approach in terms of the companys front line operations can be improved to decrease manpower hours, improve quality, streamline processes, and elevate standards. The success and growth of a small company can be attributed to its culture. Due to its size, Communication between all employees is not complicated. And alongside this communication, the trust and organizational goals are easily shared and understood by everyone. And in its growth, it is important that this culture is maintained and adjust to changes accordingly. HR professionals can work both with management and employees in doing this. With increase in employees and more demands in operations, communication may take a backseat for both parties. However, Human Resources Management can amend this and become a bridge in establishing what the management wants from employees and vice-versa. In its continuous development, it is but imperative that the management or its owner be prepared for more arduous tasks in operations and leading the rest of the team towards continued success. Management should be equipped with the right skills in planning, leading, organizing and establishing standards. As they are the ones who will eventually be focused in developing the company instead of the operations and technical aspects, a higher understanding of this responsibility is essential, and this also plays a significant part once competition is put into the picture. Companies fail because of a number of reasons, and mismanagement can be one of them. Operations may spin out of control if personal agendas and politics are placed, and in growing companies, this should be monitored and prevented. Developing not only management but also its employees is significant. To keep up with competition, employees should be given with a number of reasons to stay with the company, and do their jobs exemplary well. Their continuous growth, the right compensation and benefits, and work-life balance are just some of the things that motivate employees to perform better, producing better results for the customers and ultimately, the company. r Recruitment and selection à ¢-  Learning and talent development à ¢-  Human resource planning à ¢-  Provision of equal opportunities à ¢-  Managing diversity à ¢-  Motivating workers to achieve improved performance à ¢-  Employee counselling à ¢-  Talent management à ¢-  Payment and reward of employees à ¢-  Health and safety à ¢-  Redundancy à ¢-  Encouraging involvement and engagement à ¢- Change management à ¢-  Managing cross-cultural issues or international HRM. All will be concerned in some way to ensure that HRM activities add value by helping the organisation achieve its strategic objectives. They will focus on ensuring that the overall HR policies and procedures support the strategic objectives and that there is consistency in approach and implementation across the organisation. However, for each activity it is likely that other managers will also be involved to some extent. Line managers will be concerned with the actual implementation of the policies and procedures in so far as they affect their team, whereas the HR specialists will also be involved in the bigger picture, although the extent of the differences in role will vary between organisations. Tesco aims to ensure all roles work together to drive its business objectives. Tesco needs to ensure it has the right number of people in the right jobs at the right time. To do this, it has a structured process for recruitment and selection to attract applicants for both managerial and operational roles. Evaluate the contribution of strategic human resource management to the achievement of organisation objectives. Organisations are implementing strategic HR as a change agent, not to replace an out dated personnel department. Even though there is still confirmation within the UK that once these involvements are implemented, they just reinstate the role of the personnel department. To be effective HR belongs on the board of an organisation. The organisation that will be reviewed is Tescos; during the past decade they have introduced strategic HR with increased training of employees. The role of HR within the organisation has increased in importance. Their practice of training and the importance of HR will be reviewed with the current theory. This organisation was chosen, through their introduction of strategic HR policies, which has led to an increase in business. This has demonstrated they are a first class provider of training to their employees, and has given scope for the organisation to expand into new markets. Tescos operates in a very competitive market; the consumer has a choice where to shop for their groceries. They have expanded their portfolio to include CDs, DVDs, electrical goods and clothing. Recently they have expanded into the financial services offering customers products from Credit cards to insurance. All their products are available on the internet 24 hours a day. Their slogan every little helps is used to show their commitment to customers, this has been used to reduce prices and to increase the level of customer service. This slogan is now used in their staff training, that any intervention will increase the knowledge of the work force. The organisation is widely reported in news papers, this is due to the success of the business. They are rapidly expanding in the UK with the opening of their Metro stores and into new and foreign markets. This has taken a great deal of their resources in the planning and implementing stage of expansion. The core units need to remain focused, to retain the reputation they have built. Reinforcing the culture and values through training will focus employees on their roles. AC 2.1 Analysis the business factors that underpin human resource planning in organisation. Human resources planning is a process that identifies current and future human resources needs for an organization to achieve it goals. Human resources planning should serve as a link between human resources management and the overall strategic plan of an organization. Business growth business decline business change labour cost control changing nature of work impact of technology employee development etc There are things, events, or situations that occur that affect the way a business operates, either in a positive or negative way. These things, situations, or events that occur that affect a business in either a positive or negative way are called driving forces or environmental factors. There are two kinds of driving forces; Internal driving forces, and external driving forces. Internal driving forces are those kinds of things, situations, or events that occur inside the business, and are generally under the control of the company. Examples might be as mentioned below technological capacity, organizational culture, management system financial manageme employee morale. External driving forces are those kinds of things, situation, or events that occur outside of the company and are by and large beyond the control of the company. Examples of external driving forces might be, the industry itself, the economy, demographics, competition, political interference, etc. whether they are internal or external driving forces, one thing is certain for both. Change will occur! A company must be cognizant of these changes, flexible, and willing to respond to them in an appropriate way. External driving forces can bury a business if not appropriately dealt with. The question is, how does a business know what changes are occurring so that they can deal with them in a positive way. OK, thats the next issue. In order for a business to succeed and gain the competitive edge, the business must know what changes are indeed occurring, and what changes might be coming up in the future. I guess you might call this forecasting. Thus, critical to the business is what we call informational resources. It is the collection and analyzation of data. Some examples of critical information might include the following: Competition (what are they doing?) Customer behaviour (needs, wants, and desires) Industry out look (local, national, global) Demographics (the change populations, there density, etc.) Economy (are we peaking, or moving negatively) Political movements and/or interference Social environment Technological changes General environmental changes The above are just some issues organizations must be on top of. Well its never easy, but businesses that are successful include all of the above (and more), to develop the appropriate tactics, strategies, and best practices, to ensure successful out comes ) AC 2.2 Asses the human resource requirement in a given situation The main purpose of the human resources function is to recruit, select, train and develop staff. This means finding the right people, training and developing them so they achieve their maximum potential and creating systems that achieve high levels of morale and motivation. HR departments also often have the following responsibilities: 2.2.1Workforce planning This department is a major area of HRM. This involves anticipating in advanc requirements of the organisation both in terms of employees required and the appropriate skill mix. This will help the firm to predict likely changes in employment required, recognise future trends, in training and employ new human resources to meet these trends. 2.2.2Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection is about appointing the best person to do the job. 2.2.3Working conditions Working conditions such as the temperature, amount of light, toilet facilities could also affect an employees motivation. 2.2.4Induction training career development Induction training is given to a new job holder. This could include: history of the business, tour of the premises, introduction to other employees, health and safety procedures including fire evacuation, being shown how to use machinery. Induction training helps new employees to settle and become effective quickly. 2.2.5Appraisal Appraisal is the process of assessing the effectiveness of a process or an employee. 2.2.6Consultation Consultation: asking for the views of those who will be affected by a decision. These views should then be taken into account by the executive responsible for taking the decision. 2.2.7Promotion and transfers Promotion is when someone as being appointed to a more responsible and respectable job. Transfers is when someone as been transfer to a different department or to a different place for work. 2.2.8Termination of employment This is a better way of saying that an employee has been fired from their job. 2.2.9Pay, rewards fringe benefits Any benefit received by employees in addition to their wages or salary. Common fringe benefits are a company pension scheme, a company car and discounts when buying the firms products. 2.2.10Wage bargaining This is where an employee will negotiate their salary with their manager. Because the employee fells that it is time for a wage increase. 2.2.11Heath and safety issues Imposes on employers the duty to ensure, the health, safety and welfare at work of all staff. Firms must provide all necessary safety equipment and clothing free of charge. Employers must provide a safe working environment. Finally, all firms with five or more employees must have a written safety policy on display. 2.2.12Employment legislation Employment legislation is where employees need to follow certain rules and conditions in order to work for the organisation. AC 2.3 Develop a human resources plan for Tesco. Human resources planning refer to classic HR administrative functions, and the evaluation and identification of human resources requirements for meeting organizational goals. It also requires an assessment of the availability of the qualified resources that will be needed. Human resources planning should be a key component of nearly every corporations strategic business planning.To ensure their competitive advantage in the marketplace, organizations must implement innovative strategies that are designed to enhance their employee retention rate and recruit fresh talent into their companies There are six work levels in the Tesco. This gives a clear structure for managing and controlling the organisation. Each level requires particular skills and behaviours. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 1 frontline jobs working directly with customers. Various in-store tasks, such as filling shelves with stock. Requires the ability to work accurately and with enthusiasm and to interact well with others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 2 leading a team of employees who deal directly with customers. Requires the ability to manage resources, to set targets, to manage and motivate others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 3 running an operating unit. Requires management skills, including planning, target setting and reporting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 4 supporting operating units and recommending strategic change. Requires good knowledge of the business, the skills to analyse information and to make decisions, and the ability to lead others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 5 responsible for the performance of Tesco as a whole. Requires the ability to lead and direct others, and to make major decisions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Work level 6 creating the purpose, values and goals for Tesco plc. Responsibility for Tescos performance requires a good overview of retailing, and the ability to build a vision for the future and lead the whole organisation. Tesco has a seven-part framework that describes the key skills and behaviours for each job at every level in the company. This helps employees understand whether they have the right knowledge, skills or resources to carry out their roles. Recruitment Recruitment involves attracting the right standard of applicants to apply for vacancies. Tesco advertises jobs in different ways. The process varies depending on the job available. Tesco first looks at its internal Talent Plan to fill a vacancy. This is a process that lists current employees looking for a move, either at the same level or on promotion. If there are no suitable people in this Talent Plan or developing on the internal management development programme, Options, Tesco advertises the post internally on its intranet for two weeks. Selection involves choosing the most suitable people from those that apply for a vacancy, whilst keeping to employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is a very important part of the selection process. This ensures that those selected for interview have the best fit with the job requirements. In the first stages of screening, Tesco selectors will look carefully at each applicants curriculum vitae (CV). The CV summarises the candidates education and job history to date. A well-written and positive CV helps Tesco to assess whether an applicant matches the person specification for the job. The company also provides a job type match tool on its careers web page. People interested in working for Tesco can see where they might fit in before applying. The process Tesco uses to select external management candidates has several stages. Tesco have a plan to recruit and select appropriate employees for the right post. 2.4 Critically evaluate how a human resources plan can contribute to meeting Tescos objectives. The HR Plan is a working document that allows us to show what we are doing and what we have achieved. The plan includes an overview of the achievements of the HR Department and a review of the previous Strategy and HR targets Human resource contributes the success of the company but some changes in the organisation effect in the human resource plan. So positive aspect of the human resource always not the same in some cases it may be criticize. Human resource plan is the key shape of the organisation which guides the company how to do operate the human resource department. Human resource plan is the key to an effective to decision making process. With the help of the efficient human resource the decision by the company can be effective. If human resource plan is effectively implemented it will positively contribute to the achievement of the organisations objectives. Some of the points which are contributing the company are as follow: Shape of the organisation The shape of the organization rely matter in the achievement of organization objectives. So HRM need to plan about it.HRM can help the organization in order to omit all the unnecessary employment from the organization. Thus it is also help in order to find the excess in human resource in the company. According to the requirements of the company if the structure does not match then the human resource plan will not help effectively. Communication Communication plays vital role in the organization it is considered most crucial part in the organization. In any organization human resource management is a communicator for the organizations employees. In the perspective of communication human resource need to be effective. Communication is a barrier and helps to maintain the demand and supply level in the organization and keep them in the right track. Training and development. The skills of the employees are sharpened by training and development. It enables the employees to keep them up to date with the latest requirements.Traning is necessary in order to facilitator with the new technology, because technology is a source to save the time and maximize the benefits. Transfer of knowledge. This modern era is the era of globalization and every organization is connected globally and can be. And in this way they can recruit human resource globally. But the time and experiences are different according to the time and new trends requirements. Human resource deals with effective way in order to lead the employees because they know how to deal with the situation the implementation of plan human resource would be effective. Human resource would be effective depending on the implementation of the plan. In the organisation how they make the plan and what process they set to implementation is the major. 3.1 explain the purpose of human resource management policies in Tesco. Purposes HR policies allow an organization to be clear with employees on: The nature of the organization. What they should expect from the organization. What the organization expects of them. How policies and procedures work. What is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour? The consequences of unacceptable behaviour. The establishment of policies can help an organization demonstrate, both internally and externally, that it meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relation to regulation and corporate governance. For example, in order to dismiss an employee in accordance with employment law requirements, amongst other considerations, it will normally be necessary to meet provisions within employment contracts and collective bargaining agreements. The establishment of an HR Policy which sets out obligations, standards of behaviour and document disciplinary procedures, is now the standard approach to meeting these obligations. There has been an increase in training within the organisation; all employees now receive more training than before. This is a result of the HR department taking a strategic role. HR is not an administrative department within Tesco; they are proactive and are on the strategic level of the organisation. This increase in training priority has been supported by a rise in Human Resource Management. This practice emphasises that increased growth can only be maintained in the long run; by equipping the work force with the skills they need to complete their tasks (Mullins, L. 2005). The learning process has been challenged to create a culture that allows continual learning throughout the organisation. As knowledge is what matters, organisations and individuals alike must become continuous learners (Hawkins, P 1994). The organisation runs an academy that recognises skills in the individual. The training is identified from core, operational and leadership skills. All employees can access the core skills. These development programmes are tailored to the individuals skill level. The delivery method for the training is varied, allowing for the individuals learning preference. 3.2 analyse the impact of regulatory requirement on human resource policies in an organisation. Regulatory requirements are those requirements which are concerned about the employment law ,regulation requirements ,discrimination of law, data protection law and also human rights are related to these requirements. There is a question how an organisation can access to their rules and other activities which are affected to other stakeholders. Tesco provides several health and safety programmes and to the public as an additional activities. Employess dismissel: Without following the correct procedure or having a fair reason is directly to escort to a claim for unfair or wrongful dismissal successful claims damages can be substantial. The cost of defending a claim in particular times of a management time may be important and it does not matter you win or loss. HR policies can also be very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture. For example recruitment and retention policies might outline the way the organization values a flexible workforce, compensation policies might support this by offering a 48/52 pay option where employees can take an extra four weeks holidays per year and receive less pay across the year. Training and development policies As part of Every Little Helps,Tesco commitment to their people is that they will give them the opportunity to get on so that they are able to get the training they need to do their job and to develop their careers at Tesco. They want Tesco to be a great place to work for all our staff. Thats why they want everyone here to feel free to follow the career path thats right for them. There are a number of ways Tesco supports their people to achieve this, be it through an Options Development Programme, offering an Apprenticeship or encouraging the studying for a qualification whilst at work. Health and safety policy: Tesco measures health and safety performance using reportable accident rates, which they report each quarter to the Compliance Committee and annually to the Executive Board. Stores measure their own performance as well through the Store Steering Wheel, which Tesco set targets for reducing injury rates in each specific site. The main causes of injury remain slips, trips and manual handling. Tesco ran an accident awareness campaign in October 2009, in which we highlighted key safety messages to all staff. All stores apart from Express now have special clean as you go tools. In January this year Tesco ran a further campaign called see it, sort it, report it!, encouraging staff to give their feedback on near misses and how Tesco can improve safety. 4.1 analyse the impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resources. An organisation structure consists of action like task allocation supervision and co ordination ,which are leaded the betterment of organizational aims .It might be concerned as the viewing perspective through which individual can see their organisation and its environment ,an organisation can be structured or formed in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organisation will be determined the modes in which ways it operates and performs. An organizational structure determines the desired allocation of responsibilities for several functions and process of different equities such as branch, workgroup and branch workgroup. Organization structure effects organizational action in two ways. Firstly it allocates or provides the best foundation on which standard operating procedures and rest of routines. Secondly it concerned in which of the individual involve to participate in the process of decision making. Hence it also helps in order to understand what kind of their views can help in the organizations action. There are several ways through which organization are structured, Functionally as it is explained above, regional area a geographical structure e,g within a marketing manager products like crisps and drinks. 4.2 analyze the impact of an organizational culture on the management of human resources: All organizations will have a culture which will have an impact on the way employees behave within the organization.. Employees are seen as a key resource. Our core definition of HRM from Storey talked about cultural aspects of HRM, so part of the way in which employees, as a key resource, can be managed is through the use of organizational culture to generate commitment to the organization and its values. Thus, as Ogbonn(1992: 80) notes, the achievement of HRM objectives requires the management of the organizational value system (culture) and this requires skilful implementation. Often within tourism and hospitality such values will be concerned with encouraging employee buy in to the customer care and service quality initiatives, which organizations see as a form of competitive advantage in the crowded market place. Organizational culture refers to the pattern of beliefs, values, and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organizations history, and which tend to be manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviour of its members. For many this can be succinctly summarized as, The way we do things around here (Deal and Kennedy, 1988. This process of unlocking commitment and enthusiasm is by no means straightforward or uncontested (Thompson and McHugh, 2001). For example, we should be aware of the notions of sub-cultures, such that all organizational members might not subscribe to the organizational vision. Recognition of the potentially contested nature of organizational culture is important because it points to the manner in which there may be a disjuncture between the rhetoric and reality of organizational culture. Brown (1998) expresses this point as the espoused culture and the culture in practice. The former may be the positive view that is presented for public consumption, whilst the latter may allow for a more critical reading of any given organizational culture and to further appreciate this point the thread now considers competing views of organizational culture. [ by Frank at 3-6-2009 00:01 edited ] 4.3 examine how the effectiveness of human resources management is monitored in an organization: Organizational effectiveness depends on having the right people in the right jobs at the right time to meet rapidly changing organizational requirements. Right people can be obtained by performing the role of Human Resource (HR) function. Below is an outline and explanation of how to assess the HR functions of an organization by using HR activities in an architectural firm as an example. An important aspect of an organizations business focus and direction towards achieving high levels of competency and competitiveness would depend very much upon their human resource management practices to contribute effectively towards profitability, quality, and other goals in line with the mission and vision of the company. Staffing, training, compensation and performance management are basically important tools in the human resources practices that shape the organizations role in satisfying the needs of its stakeholders. Stakeholders of an organization comprise mainly of stockholders who will want to reap on their investments, customers whose wants and desires for high quality products or services are met, employees who want their jobs in the organization to be interesting with reasonable compensation and reward system and lastl

History of the Inca Religion

History of the Inca Religion Perhaps one of the most fascinating and awe inspiring religions in human history is that of the Incas.  Countless people have been captivated by this religion over many generations.  Many books have been written and movies made to capture the essence of this religion.  After reading about this paper, it will be clear how incredible these people and their religion was. To first understand the religion of the Incas, you must first know the history of the people.  The Incan civilization originated from a tribe in the Cuzco area of Peru.  The Incas were one of the largest, richest and most powerful empires before pre-Columbian America as their territory covered a massive area at its peak.  The Inca Empire crossed many boundaries as it conquered many countries and areas through a variety of means:  from conquest to peaceful assimilation.  This lead to the Inca Empire gaining a large part of South America. By its height in the 1520s, the Inca Empire stretched 3,500 miles from present day Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador to the area in which the Incas originated, Peru.  It was the largest empire on earth at the time.  After each area had been conquered, the Incas would take control of the area by imposing their language and organizational skills on the people.  This would be followed by building improvements to the area such a s creating roads for the people to travel on, irrigation canals, stone buildings and fortresses.  The Incas had astonishing and technologically advanced masonry techniques for their time.  The estimated population of the Inca Empire at its peak was around twenty million people with the official language being Quechua. To control such a huge area, the Incas built roads, including both mountainous and coastal routes.  The Inca Empire was ruled with efficiency in part because of a superb highway system that included intermittently paved roads up to 24 feet wide, tunnels, bridges, and stepped pathways cut into living rock. The principal highland road atop the spine of the Andes, ran 3,450 miles from the Colombia-Ecuador border to central Chile. Lateral roads linked it to the coastal highway. Ironically, the very roadways that made it possible for the Inca to control their vast empire, rapidly moving an army to quell a rebellion, were also the avenue of the empires downfall, giving the Spanish conquistadors under Pizarro direct access to the heart of the kingdom.  One existing part of the road between Cusco and the palace of Machu Picchu is called the Inca Trail.  The amount of control exercised by Cusco over the rest of the empire varied from place to place.  Tribute paid to the Inca rulers ca me from farmers of cotton, potatoes, and maize, herders of alpacas and llamas, and craft specialists who made polychrome pottery, brewed beer from maize, wove fine wool tapestries, and made wooden, stone, and gold, silver and copper objects.  Inca cities were as large as those of Europe, but more orderly and by all accounts much cleaner and more pleasant places in which to live (McEwan, 56). The Inca were organized along a complex hierarchical and hereditary lineage system called the Ayllu system. Ayllus ranged in size from a few hundred to tens of thousands of people, and they governed access to such things as land, political roles, marriage, and ritual ceremonies. Among other important duties, Ayllus took maintenance and ceremonial roles involving the preservation and care of honored mummies of the ancestors of their communities.  In Inca social structure, the ruler Sapa Inca, and his wives, the Coyas, had supreme control over the empire. The High Priest and the Army Commander in Chief were next. Then came the Four Apus, the regional army commanders. Next, were temple priests, architects, administrators and army generals.  After them, were artisans, musicians, army captains and the quipucamayoc, the Incan accountants. At the bottom were sorcerers, farmers, herding families and conscripts. The only written records about the Inca that we can read today are documents from the Spanish conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro.  Records were kept by the Inca in the form of knotted strings called quipu.  The Spanish reported that historical records, particularly the deeds of the rulers, were sung, chanted, and painted on wooden tablets as well. In the Inca Empirec several polytheistic religions were practiced by its different people. Most religions had common traits such as the existence of a Pachamama and Viracocha. The Incas controlled religion to give the empire cohesion by having conquered peoples add the Inca deities to their pantheon.  Inca deities occupied the three realms:  Hanan Pacha, the celestial realm in the sky, Uku Pacha, the inner earth, and Cay Pacha, the outer earth where humans live.  The most important deities of Hanan Pacha were Inti, the sun god, and Mama Quilla, the moon goddess. Inti Raymi was the festival of the sun god, the largest and most important Inca festival. The lightning deity also resided in Hanan Pacha.  Uku Pacha was the domain of Pachamama, the Earth mother, who is universal to Andean mythologies. Kanopa was the God of Pregnancy.  Con-Tici Viracocha Pachayachachic, The first god, creator of the three realms and their inhabitants, was also the father of Inti. Many ancient Andean peoples traced their origins to ancestral deities. Multiple Ayllus could share similar ancestral origins. The Inca claimed descent from the Sun and the Moon, their Father and Mother. Many Ayllus claimed descent from early proto-humans that emerged from local sites in nature, called Pacarinas.  The earliest ancestors of the Inca were known as Ayar, the first of which was Manco Capac or Ayar Manco. Inca mythology tells of his travels, in which he and the Ayar shaped and marked the land and introduced the cultivation of maize. A prominent theme in Inca mythology is the duality of the Cosmos. The realms were separated into the upper and lower realms, the Hanan Pacha and the Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha. Hanan Pacha, the upper world, consisted of the deities of the sun, moon, stars, rainbow, and lightning.  Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha were the realms of Pachamama, the earth mother, and the ancestors and heroes of the Inca or other Ayllus. Kay Pacha, the realm of the outer earth where humans resided, was viewed as an intermediary realm between Hanan Pacha and Ukhu Pacha. The realms were represented by the condor (upper world), puma (outer earth) and snake (inner earth). Huacas were widespread around the Inca Empire. Huacas were deific entities that resided in natural objects such as mountains, boulders, streams, battle fields, other meeting places, and any type of place that was connected with past Incan rulers. Huacas could also be inanimate objects such as pottery that were believed to be vessels carrying deities. Spiritual leaders in a community would use prayer and offerings to communicate with a Huaca for advice or assistance. Human sacrifice was a part of Incan rituals.  Priests presided over sacrifices, an essential part of many rituals and ceremonies.  The majority of the sacrifices involved animals, such as llamas or guinea pigs.  However, in times of disaster or at very sacred ceremonies, a woman or a child might be sacrificed to the gods.  These people would be given Chicha, a thick beer made from fermented corn to drink in golden goblets while the priest sang songs of their virtue before they were strangled.  The bodies of the sacrificed were then buried in a cocoon of fine textiles and surrounded by gold and silver statues, bags of corn and other offerings. The ancient Inca chose children as young as 6, but also as old as 15, fattened them up for a year and sent them on a sacrifice pilgrimage (Inca Human Sacrifices).  The Incan people thought it was an honor to die for an offering.  The Incas also used divination. They used it to inform people in the city of social events, predict battle outcomes, and ask for intervention. The Inca were a deeply religious people. They feared that evil would come at any time. Sorcerors held positions in society as protectors from the spirits. They also believed in reincarnation, saving their nail clippings, hair cuttings and teeth in case the returning spirit needed them.  The religious and societal center of Inca life was contained in the middle of the sprawling fortress known as Sacsahuaman. Here was located Cuzco, The Naval of the World the home of the Inca Lord and site of the sacred Temple of the Sun. At such a place the immense wealth of the Inca was clear with gold and silver decorating every edifice. The secret of Inca wealth was the Mita. This was a labor program imposed upon every Inca by the Inca ruler. Since it only took about 65 days a year for a family to farm for its own needs, the rest of the time was devoted to working on Temple-owned fields, building bridges, roads, temples, and terraces, or extracting gold and silver from the mines. The work was con trolled through chiefs of thousands, hundreds and tens. Ancestor worship was a central part of Incan theology.  The souls of the dead played a protective role in the lives of their descendants.  The bodies of ancestors were mummified and entombed.  Often they were buried with their most prized possessions, women, servants, weapons, and ornaments in addition to an abundance of food and Chicha. Some groups of Incas placed the deceased on a large carved stone where they were mourned before burial. In some areas, the dead were sewn into fresh llama-hide and kept at their familys home.  Descendants of the deceased would regularly visit the tombs of their loved ones in order to bring them food and precious goods.  Mummies of dead rulers were the holiest Huacas in the empire.  They were treated as if they were still alive: continuing to own the property they had when alive, eating with their descendants and each other, and enjoying important ceremonies.  They were also considered to be oracles and were therefore consulted on a regu lar basis. This information listed in this paper is just but a taste of the rich history of these people and their religion. After reading this, it is clear why they are such a fascinating people and why they have been studied for so many years Works Cited/Bibliography Cobo, BernabeÃÅ' , and Roland Hamilton. Inca Religion and Customs. Austin: U of Texas, 1990. Print. Conrad, Geoffrey W., and Arthur Andrew. Demarest. Religion and Empire: The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. Print. McEwan, Gordon Francis. The Incas: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Print. Anitei, Stefan. Inca Human Sacrifices. Softpedia. N.p., 20 Feb. 2008. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.

Assisted Reproductive Technology Essay -- Infertility Medicine Papers

Assisted Reproductive Technology The act of reproduction is vital in sustaining the existence of any living creature. In fact, anthropologist Dr. Helen Fisher cites in her book Anatomy of Love that "the most essential thing the human animal does is reproduce" (Rutter, 1996). It is survival of the species: reproduce or die out. In the human race, it is not a problem of extinction, but of conforming to social expectations. Fisher notes that men feel the pressure to "plant the seed" and women feel that motherhood is the sole factor of "femaleness", while others feel that it is just an issue of humanity's need to control nature (Rutter, 1996). Granted, these are the opinions of only a few individuals, yet the topic of procreation is obviously a very important issue between marriage partners. But what happens when one cannot reproduce? An estimated one out of every six couples in the United Sates has difficulty conceiving a child (Rogers, 1988). Fifty years ago, these infertile partners had only three options: continue t rying to have a baby through natural sexual intercourse, adopt a child, or simply remain barren. However, recent developments in reproductive technologies have created many alternative methods for conception. Assisted reproductive technologies caught on quickly, and in 1995 three million American couples sought procreative help (Rutter, 1996). Along with the emergence of any new technology comes ethical and legal issues which must be considered, especially in Christian settings. However, it is possible that assisted reproductive technologies can be a realistic and ethical option for infertile couples, without compromising the covenants of the faith community. Definitions In order to understand the issues t... ...496. Lockwood, M. (1985). (Ed). Moral dilemmas in modern medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nelson, J. B. (1973). Human medicine: ethical perspectives on new medical issues. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House. Neuberger, J. A. (1988, April 22). Tug of love troubles. Nursing Times, 22. Rogers, J. R. (Ed). (1988). Medical ethics-human choices. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. Rutter, V. T. (1996, March-April). Who stole fertility? Psychology Today, pp. 46-49. Snyder, G. F. (1988). Tough choices. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press. Thomasma, D. C. & Kushman, T. (Eds). (1996). Birth to death. New York: Cambridge University Press. Weltman, J. J. (1997). Points to consider on the subject of surrogacy. [Online]. The American Surrogacy Center, Inc. Available: http://www.surrogacy.com/legals/articles/points.html (1997, October 23).

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s Cats Cradle Essay -- Cats Cradle Vonnegut Essays

Kurt Vonnegut Jr.'s Cat's Cradle In the early sixties, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. released his candidly fantastical novel, Cat's Cradle. Within the text an entire religious sect, called Bokononism is born; a religion built on lies, absurdity, and irony. The narrator of Cat's Cradle is Jonah, a freelance writer who characterizes Bokononism as being, "free form as an amoeba" (Vonnegut, Cat's Cradle, 3). It is boundless and unpredictable as the unconscious itself. Bokonon lives on the impoverished island of San Lorenzo where he spends his days scribing poetic calypsos in the books of Bokonon. Jonah arrives on the same island in his pursuit of Frank Hoenniker, the military commander and son of the eccentric Dr. Hoenniker, who invents a substance capable of freezing the world over in seconds called ice-nine. When San Lorenzo's totalitarian ruler, Papa Monzano, passes away—infecting the oceans with ice-nine in the process—Frank transfers his inherited power to Jonah. Even within this skeletal sketch of the novel, one can see that the absurdity and humor within the religion of Bokonon is imposed on the plot itself, creating a world of comedic fantasy in which the reading audience can partake. In light of this, Cat's Cradle exemplifies imagination and play, thus correlating with the theory Freud illustrates in the essay "Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming," which emphasizes the importance of fantasy to the creative writer and its therapeutic value for the audience. At the most fundamental level, even the title of the novel provides a strong example of the importance of play to Vonnegut. Cat's cradle is a childrenÕs game of weaving yarn between the fingers whereby the player forms various patterns. To see beyond what exists (or in Vonnegut's w... ...ite poison that makes statues of men; and I would make a statue of myself, lying on my back, grinning horribly, and thumbing my nose at You Know Who. (Vonnegut, Cat's Cradle, 287) Bokononism's refreshing defiance of restraint and reality with the creative power of playful imagination is a precise illumination of the therapeutic value Freud christens as inherent in literature. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. "Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming." Freud Reader, Edited by Peter Gay. New York, NY: Norton and Company Inc., 1989. Freud, Sigmund. "On Dreams." Freud Reader, Edited by Peter Gay. New York, NY: Norton and Company Inc., 1989. Vonnegut, Kurt. A Man without a Country. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press, 2005. Vonnegut, Kurt. Cat's Cradle. New York, NY: Delta Books, 1963. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York, NY: Random House, 1969.

President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) Essay example -- Biography Biographi

President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) "A Great Society" for the American people and their fellow men elsewhere was the vision of Lyndon B. Johnson. In his first years of office he obtained passage of one of the most extensive legislative programs in the Nation's history. Maintaining collective security, he carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communist encroachment in Vietnam. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, in central Texas, not far from Johnson City, which his family had helped settle. He felt the pinch of rural poverty as he grew up, working his way through Southwest Texas State Teachers College; he learned compassion for the poverty of others when he taught students of Mexican descent. In 1937 he campaigned successfully for the House of Representatives on a New Deal platform, effectively aided by his wife, the former Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor, whom he had married in 1934. During World War II he served briefly in the Navy as a lieutenant commander, winning a Silver Star in the South Pacific. After six terms in the House, Johnson was elected to the ...

Reputation

Michael Sells 10/29/2012 Period:3rd Reputation Essay In life today there are numerous people that have different views on reputation. Reputation could be a desired thing to for people that worry about what people think of them. In a reversal view of reputation, some people don’t care what people think about them and go on about their life being who they truly are. All throughout history athletes in sports are sometimes viewed by their reputation and what others think about them.With good reputation people will look up to them and follow them in their life to try to be like them, and a lot of athletes love that. Athletes with bad reputations are most of the time, very dis-liked. An example of that would be Terrell Owens, because people see him on and off the field smack talking and being cocky everywhere he goes and the majority of the people hate that and start to get mad when they see him because of his reputation. In my opinion reputation is an important thing to have in lif e. With a good reputation, one would be treated better by people, better liked, and go further in life.I say that because, if there is an opportunity in person’s job where they can get a raise or move up from the position they are in, that person is more likely to succeed in that, than a person with a bad reputation. A person with a bad reputation won’t get the opportunity to be in the same position as the other person with the good reputation because; they wouldn’t be trusted as well. Shakespeare writes â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving† the significance of that quote pertaining to the play is that the line is spoken by Iago who is the villain to Cassio.Cassio at that time fallen into dishonor, causing Othello to dismiss him as an officer, and Cassio is devastated and cries out â€Å"Reputation! Reputation! Reputation! O I have lost my reputation! † In the part of the quote that says â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition.. †, and Iago tries to convince Cassio is that reputation is an empty and entirely imaginary â€Å"false† thing. Also that many people who have a good reputation, haven’t done anything to earn it, which is the â€Å"merit† part of the quote. Then â€Å"†¦ without deserving† means that, many people who have lost reputation haven’t done anything to deserve the loss of it.