Gateway to the Smokies Essay example -- Observation Essays, Descriptive

Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, is the "Gateway to the Smoky Mountains." It is located approximately 120 miles southwest of the ETSU campus. Pigeon Forge is a highly recognized tourist town with many activities. Pigeon Forge, Tennessee contains many forms of entertainment, such as Dollywood, lodging, and restaurants for the average student tourists. The entertainment industry is the main reason why Pigeon Forge is such a well-known tourist town. Dollywood is usually the main attraction. Dollywood is an Appalachian theme park that draws in thousands of tourists each year. It is located at the next-to-last traffic light in Pigeon Forge and to the left. The admission prices vary between adult and children. Price for an adult admission is $34.25 and for a children’s it is $24.30 (http://www.dollywood.com). If you would like to visit Dollywood more frequently, then you can purchase a Season Pass for $61.85 for an adult or children’s for $46.40 (http://www.dollywood.com). When you are at Dollywood you can also watch craft workers build random novelties and purchase them. One such craft shop sells glass bottles that you can see formed and blown by a glass worker. Also there are live shows throughout the week such as "Let the Good Times Roll" (http://www.dollywood.com). This is a musical show about the 50’s. I did not get to see it but I have heard it is really good. Dollywood also houses David Tallent, who performs in a magic and comedy show. He was invited to Hollywood’s Magic Castle by the Academy of Magical Arts, which was a great honor for the magician. There are also dozens of rides such as water, family, thrill, and children rides. Some of the rides are the "Thunder Road," and "Smoky Mountain Rampage" (http://www.dollywood.com). "T... ...esides the possible bad food. Pigeon Forge has a common problem each year, the massive amounts of traffic. It is nearly impossible to get anywhere during the tourist season. The city has been working on the roads though. Hopefully this will resolve the traffic problem. Also it is kind of difficult to find a parking place if you just want to get out of your car and walk through Pigeon Forge. Pigeon Forge is an easy city to get to. You drive toward Knoxville and take Exit 407 off of I-40. From then on you just follow the signs to the Smoky Mountains. Considering the distance it might be easier and less costly to drive back to ETSU for the night. The average college student would most likely end up spending more money on lodging than in gas. Overall, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee is a great tourist town for people that are local to East Tennessee, such as ETSU students.

The processing of information begins

The processing of information begins when energy as the idea of irritant reaches one or more of five senses of the human being. This contact takes place while physical approach to the irritant, which stirs to activity one or several senses. This idea demands from side, which executes communication, to choose those means of information transfer, personal or mass, which are able to embrace the target market. So, when a person contacts with quite strong stimulus, his sensory perceptions become more active, and coded information transfers to his brains via nerve fibers.This effect is called sensation, which is influenced by the following three threshold determinations: 1. The lower (or absolute) threshold: it means the minimum quantity of stimulating energy or intensity, which is necessary to form the sensation. 2. The Extreme threshold: the point, in which additional increasing of stimulus intensity doesn’t affect the sensation. 3. Differential threshold: the minimum change of ir ritant intensity, which can be noticed by human being (Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, p. 74).Some researchers of buyer behavior think that intensity of the irritant should be at least at minimum (absolute) threshold in order to make some influence on a buyer. The other think that irritants which are below the absolute threshold can influence the buyer as well – so-called conception of subconscious persuasion. We know that our sensory detection abilities go into a decline when we are getting older, so it is interesting to find out a way marketers appeal to the elderly people.The other thing we need to take into consideration is that during the life we are getting used to different sensation, so we have to increase the level of absolute threshold to attract attention. So, what is attention, particularly? It can be determined as direction of cognitive resources to process the irritant. One of the main difficulties for commercial company is to make a consumer to focus a ttention on some definite information, which has to be reported. Due to some sources, average consumer looks through three hundred advertisements per day.Average TW viewer looks through more then one hundred TV ads. It is pity, but a lot of such materials cannot attract attention, which is necessary to make some influence. The same situation you can see in trading as well. There are from 18 till 20 thousand different types of consumer goods in assortment of typical supermarket. The main problem there is marking out of one item from plenty of analogs at the market shelf and attracting of consumer’s attention as well.The factors which influence distribution of consumer’s limited resources can be divided into two main groups: personal (individual) and factors which have concern to stimulus. Besides, some emotional conditions of personality are used in publicity, such as feeling of self-confidence, reliability, self-satisfaction, creative abilities of human being, objects of love, strength, family traditions, immortality, etc. The second group of factors is called determinants, which relay to stimulus, it means these are characteristics of stimulus.The can be controlled, it means somebody can manipulate by them in order to increase or decrease the attention. So, it means that they are used quite often by companies in their struggle for buyer attention (Consumer Behavior, pp. 103-105). Let’s examine some factors used in order to attract the buyer’s attention by the example of elderly people, taking into consideration their peculiarities we spoke about a page before. Size: To tell the truth, the stronger irritant is, the higher is a probability that it will attract attention.In case you enlarge the size of printed advertisement, you’ll increase chances to attract buyer’s attention. Probability that the object will be seen in the shop, depends on size or quantity of trade space for this definite item. This is mostly important for impulse shopping, where sale depends partially from the fact how many place is given for the item. As elderly people often have poor eyesight, it is important to take into account size of type – it should better be bigger, then letters, typed on the items which are aimed for younger people.Some pharmaceutical companies make medicines which mostly are used by elderly people and write information for these medicines by big letters, in order to see description clearly. Color is also one of important factors. Color advertisements can increase sale for 41% more, than their black and white analogs. Moreover, some colors can attract attention more, then the other. We can examine some meanings of colors here. Red color – color of determination, can arouse strong desire to make some deed, for example to buy some item.Orange color can add activity, but at the same time will give the feeling if internal balance and spiritual harmony. Yellow color inclines to communication. I t is the color of open mind and communication, at the same time it is able to provide the thing with intellect, so this is the reason that a lot of Hi-tech companies make their advertising in yellow color. Green is good in publicity of medicines, health centers. Pink increases the feelings, so it can be used in perfumery, goods for women and children, family centers etc.Blue is a color of peace and harmony, dark-blue – helps to concentrate at the very necessary. In 1959 Ris made a test (color Lusher test) in medical clinics of Leipzig University and tested 1000 people of different age, from children till elderly. He found that young people, especially in the age before 25, prefer red color. The elder people are, the more they like dark colors (Journal of Advertising, p. 15). Still, it is very difficult to influence attention of elderly people also because they due to their life experience can resist the publicity and advertising more then young people or children.LG Company m ade a mobile phone, which is specialized for elderly people. Marketers understand that it is quite difficult for elderly people to see small letters, press small buttons as well as learn new technologies. Still, the majority of elderly people prefer a basic number of functions – it means the idea â€Å"A telephone should be used to make calls only†, so LG made this telephone with elementary functions only. Big buttons and low price – are two factors by opinion of LG, which should satisfy demands of elderly. This model (LG NS1000) allows only making calls and receiving/sending SMS.Japan manufacturers of automobiles intend to start a new line of special automobiles for elderly people. As local Mass Media informs, such new and clever auto will help the driver to brake and to turn the wheel. They plan assembly-line production of such cars from the beginning of 2006. Auto will have numerous sensors and cameras, which can read all movements of hands, legs and eyes of driver and will determine mistakes in driving. At present time specialists analyze influence of age changes for physical reaction of driver and his ability to estimate situation on the road.In accordance with results a special computer program will be created to help elderly drivers. A prototype of new car is already developed, which will have speed till 60 km/h. The creators of new auto consider that this novelty will be of great success because of increasing quantity of elderly drivers in Japanese society. The cost of such a novelty will be approx. 9-13 thousand dollars. Now, let’s make the excursion to Austria, where one of the trading concerns makes an interesting experiment: this concern opened two supermarkets especially for elderly people.This experiment is interesting before all because representatives of the elder generation traditionally aren’t attractive group for retail trade: seems that they don’t have much money, and their demands are quite modestà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Still, almost in all European countries fast ageing of society takes place, and quantity of elderly people is increasing more and more†¦ So this supermarket in Vienna is a kind of test place, where technologies of servicing of quite specific client sphere, which is constantly increasing and becomes more important, take place.At the first sight, this is a very ordinary supermarket: long rows of shelves, relaxing music from dynamics†¦ But if you be attentive, you can notice some differences. For example, figures at the price-list: they are bigger, then usual. Some of shelves have magnifying glasses, in order the client will be able to see inscription at the goods, which are usually typed by small font. Besides, you can ask the cashier to give you glasses for reading.Just near the exit you can see a comfortable bench to have a rest, near it – the device to measure blood pressure. The cart for shopping has special hanger in order to put there a walking stick. The gangway between shelves is bigger then in usual supermarkets, and floor in the shop is made of special material, so legs don’t slide. Moreover, the shelves are made in such a special manner that elder person doesn’t have to bend down or stretch for goods he needs. All those novelties were highly appreciated by the clients.

Defining Bullying As An Act Of Repeated Aggressive Behavior

Ducharme define Bullying as an â€Å"act of repeated aggressive behavior in order to intentionally hurt another person, physically or mentally† (2010). Many students in elementary, middle and high school are absent from school every day because of fears of being bully. These students get bullied just because they’re different or have special needs. Students who are victims of bullying lose their self-esteem and confidence. It makes them feel worthless and unimportant. It also causes them to harm themselves or others. Bullying is a very negative act and a huge problem to students that needs to be stopped. We need to recognized the problem and provide a solution to it. There are three command types of bullying--physical, verbal and cyberbullying.†¦show more content†¦Most victims have hard time escaping cyberbullying because things that are posted on the internet can never be deleted. Verbal Bullying stated that â€Å"all bullying focuses on creating a situation in which the victim is dominated by the aggressor† (Verbal Bullying, 2013). Common cause of bullying stated that â€Å"although bullies seem confident and sure of themselves, they are usually insecure and feel inferior to others. They treat their peers like dirt as a way to make themselves feel better. In order to keep the feeling of power and prestige, the perpetrator has to continue the behavior. When one victim is no longer in reach, the bully simply zones in on another target. When the underlying causes of bullying are not addressed, it becomes a vicious cycle† (2013). Bullying is a behavior that people learned from school or home. There are varieties of reason why people choose to bully. It may be they come from dysfunctional families, needs to be in control or seeks attention. Bullies who come from dysfunctional families lack affection. They may be mistreated and abuse. They may often witness their parents or family member being aggressive toward others; as a result; they have an

My Grandmother And Unexpected Dementia - 954 Words

My Grandmother and unexpected Dementia Due to many excuses such as not having enough time to spare to observe unknown person, and having actually no one to observe gave me hard time to think who I should do observation for this assignment. As I was thinking about people that were around me who do have disability, I remember my grandmother was going through the phases of dementia. However, the problem was that she is living in Korea and it is impossible to having a face-to-face talk with her. Yet, with help of my parents who are in Korea, I was able to have Skype with my grandmother and had couple sessions of talking time. During our conversation, I was able to learn so many things about my grandmother that I would never have found out if it were not for the assignment. My grandmother’s name is Jung-Sun Ma, and she is 77 years old and she was born and raised in wealth family lived in state call Jun-Joo which is located in southwest of South Korea. After graduating from high sch ool, she met my grandfather and married him at age of 18. She gave birth to two sons and one daughter and never worked outside but stayed as housewife. Although she is my grandmother, I do not have many memories with her since I moved to United States when I was 12 years old. Therefore, I was being able to observe my grandmother objectively. While I was having casual conversation with her, I have realized that she has very strong characteristics. Generally, women who are in my grandmother’s ageShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About My Grandmother1795 Words   |  8 PagesLast night my grandmother, Kasper, or Kas for short, passed away. She was 79 years old. Which I guess is a pretty long time so I guess I can’t complain. But, It still sucks. My grandma’s death wasn’t unexpected. For the past few years she’s suffered from Alzheimer’s. She was always a little loopy, so at first no one really noticed something was wrong. Then slowly over time, things became more profound. She started walking into rooms and not remembering why she was there. Making the wrong dishRead MoreEssay on The Film My Girl1945 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1991 movie My Girl tells the story of 11-year-old Vada Sultenfuss who, having lost her mother at birth , lives with her dementia-ridden grandmother and her job-oriented father in the funeral parlour that he owns and operates. The story follows Vada, an extreme hypochondriac who has many strange misconceptions about death, through a variety of life-changing experiences, including the engagement of her father and the devastating loss of her best friend, Thomas Jay. Through these experiencesRead MoreMy Girl1938 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1991 movie My Girl tells the story of 11-year-old Vada Sultenfuss who, having lost her mother at birth , lives with her dementia-ridden grandmother and her job-oriented father in the funeral parlour that he owns and operates. The story follows Vada, an extreme hypochondriac who has many strange misconceptions about death, through a variety of life-changing experiences, including the engagement of her father and the devastating loss of her best friend, Thomas Jay. Through these experiencesRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club, The Bonesetter s Daughter, And The Kitchen God s Wife3745 Words   |  15 Pagesmothers and their â€Å"Americanized† daughters who struggle in social barriers they both face as they live in the new setting. Amy Tan analyzes mother-daughter relationships between character’s lovers and friends and how they develop over a course of unexpected events. Throughout The Joy Luck Club, The Bonesetter’s Daughter and The Kitchen God’s Wife, Amy Tan places all three books in California where the characters in each book have trouble in dealing with their relationships between them and theirRead More Culture of Fear Essay4396 Words   |  18 Pagesinformal, and for that I am grateful to my professor. I suspect that a major point in having regular logs was for all of us in class to have practice in regularly writing. The other point was to help us understand the concepts behind analyzing texts. We were given the liberty to write any random thought that we could conceive. Spelling and grammar did not count, and I believe that as long as we used thought and effort, then the teacher was satisfied. As a result, my logs are indeed far from professionalRead MoreHsm 542 Week 12 Discussion Essay45410 Words   |  182 Pagesresearch issues related to procreation. | C | Given the mandate for advance directives, informed consent, and the legal obligation to report, illustrate the application of these concepts in a specific area or setting, e.g., psychopharmacology, dementia, long-term care, acute care, home-care, etc. | | Click on the links in the Topics section to view the discussion topics. Then, click Respond to add your thoughts to the discussion thread. | Topics Introductions (not graded, but required)

The World A Global Village - 1644 Words

Society is not static. There exist numerous changes that take place on an everyday basis, which affect organizations, relationships, culture and other dynamics of human nature. In fact, different changes have different effects on people, but the fact remains that society is a changing structure. Historians and sociologists have attempted to account for the changes that have taken place and are still taking place at rapid rates (Duranti, 45). The lack of a fixed process in society has forced anthropologists to study humans and the mechanisms of societies across the world. This includes accounting for the changes that are taking places through colonialism, economic transformations, media culture, and many social-cultural paradigms, which seem to be making the world a global village. From the past, historians and sociologists have looked at how these dynamic changes affect humanity, and the role they play in shaping the future of social human interaction as it is known. All together, th ere has been an escalation of cultural globalization, which is a phenomenon that is experienced in daily life. This phenomenon is influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, and has provided a way of evaluating global cultural standardization. In this regards, the discourse provides a comprehensice analysis that looks at some ways in which anthropology provides value to humanity in the ever changing, globalizing world. Persistence of local culture As suggested, anthropology deals withShow MoreRelatedThe World as a Global Village1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe World as a Global Village The term Global Village refers to the widening and deepening of the global system. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) define globalisation as The increasing integration of markets both for goods and services and for capital. The world village also has a hidden metaphor. 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Once we were born and died in our own â€Å"village† or community andRead MoreEssay on Global Village1288 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Village New technological advances are something that we have faced for centuries. Whether the advance was the printing press, the radio, the telephone, or the TV, all of these things affected us globally. In the past all of these new advances tend to change social and political policies. We are currently in a new era of technology, one that we have many names for: the internet, the web, cyberspace, information superhighway, and many more. All of these computer technologies affect the

Labor Market Research Calculating Nursing Wages Free Essays

This paper will explore two of Mankiw’s (2001) â€Å"ten principles of economics† (p. 3) and how these apply to the labor market for nurses. The paper will briefly discuss the two principles: a) â€Å"No. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Market Research: Calculating Nursing Wages or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 People Face Tradeoffs,† (p. 4-5) and b) â€Å"No. 7 Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes† (p. 11). Afterwards, the paper will discuss how the State of New York calculates nursing wages considering the two principles. First, the said discussion will identify the factors that could influence the supply and demand for nurses. Second, it will discuss how a nurse’s pay is determined and how the salary is structured. Third, it will provide recommendations on how the State of New York can increase its supply of nurses. Finally fourth, it will summarize how Mankiw’s two principles basically apply to the labor market for nurses. The two economic principles this paper centers on belong to Nicholas Gregory Mankiw, chairman of President Bush’s Council of Economic Advisers from 2003 to 2005. Principle No. 1, People Face Tradeoffs, refers to the situation when people have to choose one activity or thing over another (p. 4-5). This principle states that people’s choices affect efficiency and equity (p. 5). Mankiw defines efficiency as: â€Å"how huge the pie people create† or essentially the wealth that a society produces while equity is â€Å"how the pie is divided† or the redistribution of the wealth that the society has created (p. 5). Meanwhile Principle No. 7, Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes, refers to the imperfect actions of government to manage a society’s efficiency and equity (p. 11). Government actions can result to market failure due to externalities and market power (p. 11). On one hand, externalities can either be good or bad (p. 11). It refers to the unintended results of a particular action in pursuing a certain purpose (p. 11). On the other hand, market power refers to the influence of a person, sector, or society due to limited supply or great demand on a particular thing or service (p. 11). Speaking of service, this paper will next explore the nursing service in the state of New York, then in the entire U.S.A. Brewer and Kovner (2000) identified several factors that influence the supply for nurses in New York. According to the two authors, the factors that affect supply are: a) â€Å"negative real wage growth from 1989 to 1996†; b) decreasing â€Å"admissions and enrollments in nursing programs†; c) â€Å"decrease in licensed nurses†; and d) â€Å"aging and retirement of registered nurses or RNs.† Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2003) identified the following factors that influence the â€Å"continuing decline of nursing graduates† nationwide: a) â€Å"increasing professional opportunities for women outside nursing†; b) â€Å"stagnant pay and more onerous working conditions for many in nursing†; and c) â€Å"a decline in pubic perception of the attractiveness of the nursing profession.† For the demand-side, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services noted that: â€Å"The U.S. Census Bureau projects a rapid increase in the elderly population starting around 2010 when the leading edge of the baby boom generation approaches age 65.† Hence, the department concludes: â€Å"†¦the rapid growth in demand for nursing services is especially pronounced for long-term care settings that predominantly provide care to the elderly.† Next in the discussion are: a) how a nurse’s pay is determined, and b) how the salary is structured. Brewer and Kovner (2000) pointed out that: â€Å"Hospitals are having significant difficulty financially due to the Balanced Budget Act and state legislation.†Ã‚   The authors also concluded: â€Å"Funding changes that effect hospital financial viability will significantly influence the balance of supply and demand.† Moreover, Brewer and Kovner (2000) observed and opined: â€Å"Current shortages are relatively localized and moderate in severity, and if hospitals achieve sufficient financial relief politically they may abate.† With these evidences, government essentially determines a nurse’s pay. As for how RN salaries are structured, Brewer and Kovner (2000) suggested that: a) great demand versus limited supply; b) experience; c) specialized skills; and d) regional demand variations led to: â€Å"1) ease with which new graduates are finding employment; 2) organizations offering sign-on bonuses; 3) anecdotal and news reports; 4) focus group reports, and 5) surveys of employers which indicate difficulty hiring RNs.† The said factors essentially determine how RN salaries are structured. Thirdly, due to the factors previously identified and discussed, this paper recommends that the State of New York increase its supply of nurses thru: a) recruitment of RNs from abroad, and b) encouragement of retirement homes abroad in countries with sufficient supply of RNs that are acceptable to the U.S. or those that can comply with U.S. standards. Finally, this paper notes that Mankiw’s first and seventh principles have a profound effect on the supply and demand of nurses, RN pay, and RN salary structures. One, based on the data previously discussed, the U.S. shortage in RNs could be attributed to two major factors: a) State legislation and the Federal government’s Balanced Budget Act which essentially reduced the RN supply, and b) the retirement of baby boomers and their great demand for health care. Note that both factors relate to government policies or decisions. Specifically, Roosevelt’s New Deal triggered the baby boom generation while Reagan pushed for the Balanced Budget Act. Two, due to the said government policies which were intended to manage efficiency and equity, the U.S. DHHS observed that people made choices that affected the supply and demand for nurses. This trend shows how positive and negative externalities came into play and determined the current market power of RNs. References Brewer, C.S. Kovner, C. (2000). â€Å"Abstract: An Evaluation of the Supply and Demand of Registered Nurses in New York State.† Gateway, National Library of Medicine. Retrieved July 14, 2007 Mankiw, G. (2001). â€Å"Ten Principles of Economics.† Principles of Microeconomics Second Edition. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. pp. 3-15. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). â€Å"What is Behind HRSA’s Projected Supply, Demand, and Shortage of Registered Nurses?† Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved July 14, 2007 How to cite Labor Market Research: Calculating Nursing Wages, Essays

COMPUTER SILUTIONS Essay Example For Students

COMPUTER SILUTIONS Essay WARSIM 2000 is simulation software, used by the armed forces. Extensive, thorough, and tiring work has been done on this program. It covers almost all aspects and situations required for realistic, meticulous and a complete simulation. Information Technology has lead to the advancement of the tools required to build the simulator. Information Technologys guidelines and technology have reinforced this General Description of Operational Capability. WARSIM 2000 will increase the effectiveness of commander and battle staff training by dramatically increasing the realism and the scope of the available training environment. In conjunction with other services simulations, WARSIM 2000 will provide a complete operational environment with scenarios drawn from the entire operational continuum to support Army, joint and coalition force training distributed across the globe. a. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will use a computer-based simulation and associated hardware to support the training of unit commanders and their battle staffs from battalion through theater-level as well as to support training events in educational institutions. Designed and built using modern computer technology, modern software engineering techniques, and validatedalgorithms and databases, it will allow units world-wide to train using their organizational equipment. A key feature of the system will be its use of technology to minimize the total Armys overhead associated with supporting training. The system will be designed to meet emerging Simulation (DIS) standards and protocols to facilitate linkages with DIS compliant simulators and live training events. b. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will consist of, or use, several (1) Computer-based battle simulation models that portray the joint and combined environment needed to support Army training events. (2) Software modules for linking WARSIM 2000 to other simulation models to expand the training environment for joint force training (4) Comp uter systems to run the simulation models and support (5) Technical control systems/workstations for use by personnel in an exercise support function e.g., simulation controllers, analysts, and opposing/ surrounding forces role players. We will write a custom essay on COMPUTER SILUTIONS specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (6) Flexible and responsive terrestrial/satellite communications gateways and media for transmitting voice, data, facsimile, and video between different elements at remote locations involved in supporting a c. WARSIM 2000 will meet the Mission Need Statements (MNSs) requirement for providing a training environment that will allow unit commanders and battle staffs to focus their war fighters and systems in countering threats across the operational continuum. WARSIM 2000 must provide an environment that presents problems to stress and stimulate commanders and their battle staff to assess the situation, determine courses of action, and plan and issue new orders in a timely manner, all while using their organizational equipment and procedures. d. Logistical support for WARSIM 2000 will be based on a government- owned contractor-supported system. The government will own necessary hardware, have all proprietary rights to the developmental hardware and software components, and full licens e rights to the non-developmental software components of WARSIM 2000. Contracted logistical support will provide for the maintenance of government-owned computer hardware at all e. The acquisition and development strategy for WARSIM 2000 must (1) The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must build upon the successful infrastructure of current simulations so that the training community (Army and international) can train in an evolutionary progressive yet consistent manner. The Army has invested significant resources into developing its training simulation systems, linking them with other service simulations via the Aggregate LevelSimulation Protocol confederation, and proliferating them throughout the Army and the international community. While these systems have shortcomings that must be fixed, they provide a training environment and representations of combat that have been accepted by the training community world-wide. The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must allow the confederation of simulations str ucture to evolvein a manner that allows current users (Army and international) to maintain access to the confederation without having to make a substantial near-term investment in resources. (2) Meeting the WARSIM 2000 requirements will demand significant technological innovations. However, there are many existing and developing systems that could and should be part of the overall solution. The acquisition strategy must ensure that developers optimize the investment of each service in existing systems (instead of starting from a blank sheet of paper) and insert technology into the training environment in a way that improves training. (3) Fielding of new capabilities, whether they be functional representations or technological enhancements, must be either practically transparent to the user or be accompanied by training so the user can understand and receive the benefit of the new capabilities. (4 The acquisition strategy must allow for regular user involvement in the development process. User evaluations and requirements must serve as a primary source for determining changes to 2. Threat. Rather than counter a specific threat, WARSIM will provide a training environment capable of representing threats from across the 3. Shortcomings of Existing Systems. Current simulations were designed for training corps and division staffs on command and control techniques for Army operations in mid-intensity combat. Current software is bound to proprietary operating systems and hardware. The software design, especially the underlying representation of terrain, precludes representing the detailed functionality required for resolving the high resolution interactions needed to train commanders and battle staffs at levels from battalion to operational levelcommanders in joint scenarios for war and operations other than war. .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .postImageUrl , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:hover , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:visited , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:active { border:0!important; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:active , .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9 .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bded28886fa558c4ffd98d503bb64f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christian Coaching: Helping Others Turn Potential into Reality Essay4. Capabilities Required. WARSIM 2000 will support commander and battle staff training from battalion up to theater level. While the major simulation models of WARSIM 2000 will run on computers housed in fixed regional facilities, transportable Simulation Support Modules (SSMs) will provide support functions under the control of a senior controller at locations near the training unit. Users of the simulation will train under the guidance of a senior trainer, usually the units commander, the next higher level commander, or an instructor at institutions. WARSIM will provide users a complete training environm ent consisting of simulations, data, support functions and communications. a. System Performance. The following description of requirements for the WARSIM 2000 training environment addresses in turn each of the functional components described in paragraph 1.b. (1) The Simulation. WARSIM 2000s simulation component must have the following functional characteristics. (a) General Attributes. (i) Size. The model must be large enough to support a multi- echelon corps or theater exercise. The model must also be able to link to other copies of itself to support larger exercises. The simulation must also be able to support multiple, concurrent, smaller training exercises, such as several battalion headquarters training (ii) Weather. The simulation must accurately portray the impact that weather elements have on operations (space, air, and ground). At a minimum, the simulation must account for the following weather elements: cloud amount and height, visibility, restrictions to visibility (e.g. precipitation, fog, smoke, dust and sand), precipitation accumulation, surface wind direction andspeed, temperature, relative humidity, altimeter setting, and solar and lunar light data. These weather elements must be allowed to range from tropical to arctic regions, to vary over the geographic area of interest, and to change as often as hourly. In addition, wind direction and speed and temperature in a vertical profile up to 70,000 feet must be allowed to impact Nuclear Biological and ChemicalNBC) weapons with changes incorporated at least twice per day. (iii) Terrain. The simulation must provide a level of resolution of terrain such that tactical considerations of terrain analysis and the dynamic effects of man-made or natural occurrences (e.g. bomb craters, minefields, battle damage on roads, the obstacle effect of rivers, hydrography, and weather) as considered during Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) will affect the battle. The minimum acceptable tactical considerations include the following areas: the impact of line-of-sight (to include sonar and electromagnetic spectrum considerations of concealment, thermal, optical and radar visibility, and signal site emplacement) between potential interactors whether they be sensors or weapon systems, air, ship, or ground mounted; the ability of terrain to support the movement of personnel, vehicles and units over time, and the accurate portrayal of the location of natural and man-made obstacles. The outcomes of the simulated events must be sensitive to changes in the weath er (described above in paragraph 4.a.(1)(a)(ii)) as it affects terrain. (iv) Time. The simulation must be capable of running faster than real time to a pre-defined point in time or an event, while requiring minimal input, and providing summarized output. Users must be able to age the simulation to accommodate a training scenario that describes actions in the midst of a campaign. The senior controller must be able to have the simulation start, stop/interrupt, rollback to any specified point in scenario, restart from a given point or the initial conditions and conduct concurrent replay. The seniorcontroller must have the capability to change any attributes of the simulated entities or the game characteristics at any time. (b) Conditions and Constraints. (i) Scenarios. The goal is for the simulation to portray events that could arise from scenarios based on any point in the operational continuum. At a minimum, requirements are for scenarios for war in Europe, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and Korea and for operations other than war in these locations as well as Central and (ii) Fidelity. The simulation must allow commanders and battle staffs to do their tasks under the conditions and standards outlined in the Army Training and Evaluation Program Mission Training Plans (MTPs) for command groups and staff referenced in Appendix 1 to (iii) Level of Detail. The simulation must be able to portray a level of detail that captures the effects of individual entities on the battle, e.g., single weapon platform, emitter, and sensor systems. Entities that operate near each other as cohesive units can be portrayed in aggregated units from team to battalion that represent the normal mode of employment. Individual, low-density, entities that op erate in a geographically dispersed mode must be portrayed as they are employed, e.g., signal nodes, radars, jammers, missile and rocket systems, engineer obstacle systems, and individual surveillance and laser designation systems. All systems will be portrayed using performance data appropriate to the level of (iv) Reports. The simulation must provide feedback to the training unit by sending reports of simulated events. These reports must be formatted in a doctrinally correct fashion and occur in a time-appropriate banner. The reports must not reveal all of ground truth but reflect that information that the simulated unit would reasonably know given its status, time removed from the reported incident, and (v) Human Factors. The simulation must portray the effects of operations on the human condition as it relates to combat effectiveness. At a minimum, the simulation must consider unit morale and cohesion, time subject to hostile actions, availability of religious support, unit at trition rate over time, weather, and operational tempo. .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .postImageUrl , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:hover , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:visited , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:active { border:0!important; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:active , .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10 .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubcd7ffd8bbe3d253573a8053eb192d10:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canada's Copyright Law Essay (vi) Simulated Mistakes. The simulation must cause simulated entities to make mistakes based on a predetermined level of training and a variable combat effectiveness determined by human factors . The mistakes should be of two types: mistakes in actions taken and mistakes in actions reported. Mistakes in actions taken fall along the lines of getting lost e.g., arriving at or attacking the wrong location, delivering the improper quantities of supplies, or delivering the wrong supplies. These types of mistakes will change the ground truth of the simulation. Along with reports that are accurate but incomplete, other reports will contain information that is different from ground truth. These mistakes in reporting will occur when a simulated unit makes a report to the training unit that conflicts with ground truth in the simulation. These mistaken reports will not change ground truth. The simulation must have the ability to provide the correct information if challenged for confirmation. The level of training and combat effectiveness must change over exercise time with a corresponding change in the number of mistakes. The senior trainer must have the capability to cause a simulated unit to make specific mistakes during the exercise. The senior trainer must be able to easily adjust the severity and frequency of simulated mistakes during an exercise to include being able to set the level to zero, in effect turning off the mistakes. The senior trainer and the After Action Review systems must have access to both ground truth and mistakes data. (vii) Surrounding Units. Training units, to include combat, combat support, and combat service support units that support maneuver brigades, must be able to interact with the simulation without the presence of any other units. This will require the simulation to emulate forward, flank and rear units, supported and supporting units, as well as the next higher and lower echelon units, that would normally exist on the battlefield, but are not present for the particular training event. The simulation must be able to portray dynamic scenario and event dependent intelligence and reports concerning the activities of these units as well as their requests for information and resources (viii) Multi-Level Input/Output. The simulation must be able to accommodate an exercise where different levels (division, igade, battalion) are interacting with the simulation. Each level must be able to train using the simulation by issuing only its normal orders and instructions to the simulation while recei ving only its normal reports and data from all sources. The simulation must receive and present its information in the format and level of detail appropriate to the training unit. The simulation-provided information must not always be 100 percent accurate. The information should at times contain errors that one could expect to obtain in a realistic setting. Bibliography:WARSIM 2000, The Few, The Proud, The hey theyre not there! Article #45, SIRS Encyclopedias, Applied Science, 1994.